Business Analysis-chipotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Analysis-chipotle - Essay Example Many of the restaurants owned by the company are located within the large cities where they can easily reach the target clients. Since the target clients are the numerous city dwellers, a large population can be reached. Locations for the various restaurants are normally strategic and within a short reach from various sources of clients. The restaurant at stone town shopping centre is located near a shopping mall and those visiting the mall can easily access the restaurant; hence a great number of the visitors are enticed to get into the restaurant. Additionally, close proximity to public utilities like parking lots ensures that the business clients are able to reach the outlets easily (chipotle.com, 2014). The establishment has over 1600 outlets, which all operate under a single name of chipotle. The company is estimated to have employed about 45000 people working across the various outlets of the organisation in different countries and locations. The fundamental purpose for the existence of the business remains provision of food that is of good quality and value adding to the consumers. The restaurants serve food made using organic ingredients and naturally raised meat. The purpose of providing good quality food is clearly stated in the mission statement of the fast food chain; Food with integrity (chipotle.com, 2014). The organisation has endured a rapid expansion over a short period of time to reach the current number of outlets. Food in the restaurants is normally served in a fast food model that is utilised in ensuring the organisation serves as many customers as possible within the shortest possible time. The type of menu available normally includes food items that could be considered to be snacks under normal setting. The foods have, however, been enhanced with nutritional value to ensure that they meet the expectations of the organization and the customers as well (Seljak, 2009). The food cost for

Eco 365 Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Eco 365 Supply and Demand Essay The supply and demand simulation shows different aspects of economic structures. Although mostly focused on microeconomics, the simulation does show a small role of macroeconomics. The principles of microeconomics would apply to drop in rent prices to increase the supply being demanded. Another microeconomic principle shown in the simulation is the rise in demand when the cost of rent is lowered. Macroeconomics principles came into play when the rise in demand for apartment was a direct product of the establishment of a new company in town. Same principles of microeconomics apply to an excess supply created by a price ceiling enforced by the government. Supply and Demand Shifts A shift in the demand curve was created when the new company brought an increase in population to Atlantis. A greater amount of people created a greater demand for the apartments. Equilibrium is reached in the demand shift by raising the price of rent to decrease demand. A supply shift was created when 400 apartments were converted into condominiums, which in turn caused a drop in supply. The equilibrium would be fixed by raising the cost to lower the demand because of a decrease in supply. Real World Application With the nutritional corporations expanding and health awareness on the rise prices of nutritional supplements are rising to meet the demand. Especially in local areas, there aren’t too many health and wellness shops that offer the best available supplements or expert advice, therefore the few local shops in town can raise the prices of their products because of high demand and low supply. Microeconomics: Supply/Demand Shifts A sudden increase in population can cause a demand shift which would either cause you to increase or decrease price reach equilibrium and maximize revenue. Supply shifts are caused by eliminating or adding supply to an economy to meet the choices of the population. Macroeconomics: Supply/Demand Shifts An increase in wages from neighboring business may cause a demand shift. This would cause a company to make changes to their prices to try to reach another target or meet the needs of the current target. A shift in supply because of macroeconomics can be caused by price ceilings or floors that would lead to a surplus or shortage of supply. Pricing Strategy Price elasticity of demand will always change the pricing strategy of a company so that they can maximize revenue, not demand. If a company figures they have low demand for their products they may lower the price so that more people become interested and vise-versa. The price elasticity is the equal to the percent change of quantity demand times the percent change in price. Price elasticity is used to figure the change in demand after a change in price (Colander, 2010). PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price) When the price of causes a change in the demand the formula will recognize that change and give you an indication of delicate that products demand is to a change in price. The higher the result equals higher sensitivity to price change (Moffatt, 2013). References Colander, D. C. (2010). Economics (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Moffatt, M. (2013). Price Elasticity of Demand. Retrieved from http://economics.about.com/cs/micfrohelp/a/priceelasticity.htm

Strategic analysis of global operations of supply chains

Strategic analysis of global operations of supply chains The main objective of this study is to do a strategic analysis of the global operations of supply chain within Mattel Toys Inc. Here its supply chain will be evaluated along with the risks/ security threats it faced and a framework will be presented to manage these risks. With growing product/service complexity, supply networks are also becoming increasingly complex in the wake of outsourcing and globalization. This has affected risk, changing it continuously. Risk can generally be termed as a probability of injury, hazard, damage or any other unwanted outcomes. The Royal Society (1992) defined a more systematic explanation of risk: the probability that a particular adverse event occurs during a stated period of time, or results from a particular challenge. In this study, we will suggest a framework for future supply chain risk management in the view of Mattels recall in 2007. This recall left a trail of media reports, public critique, investigations and huge lessons learnt. Mattel Toys Inc. is a global leader in the design, manufacture and marketing of toys and family products. It comprises of top-selling brands such as Barbie, Fisher-Price brands etc. Mattel is recognized as the 100 Most Trustworthy U.S. Companies by Forbes Magazine. (Source: Wikipedia) In 2007, it experienced a sequence of continuous alarming product recalls in which around twenty one million toys were pulled out from sale. Whether the toys were defective in design to lose small magnets, which if consumed could harm kids, or they were toys contaminated with lead paint coming from unethical Chinese vendors was irrelevant as the case was subjected to high media critique and got highlighted for quality mismanagement and varied logistic practices in outsourced vendors. (Biggemann 2008) The table (figure 1) below shows the toys recalled from Mattels respective vendors and their sub-vendors: Industry experts suggest that Mattel is locked in a relationship with China having five factories and manufacturing there for nearly 25 years. It outsources its production up to 50 percent to third-party manufacturers and almost 65 percent of its toys are produced in China. In spite of quality control efforts, Mattel has had 36 recalls since 1998 and two formal Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) admonishments. Its most controversial recall, up until 2007, involved 10 million Power Wheels toy vehicles. (Biggemann 2008) Below is a timeline depicting the key events that took place during the course of this recall, Figure 2: Mattels product recall timeline The result of this recall was catastrophic for Mattel and it lost more than 45% of shares in market value. Although sales at international markets helped it gain some profit for that interval (Casey, 2008), yet these had very little impact on their annual figures as compared to its loss. The question now raised was How did Mattel end up in such a tricky situation? Is it a case of heavy neglect or something worse? It is argued that this was the result of Mattels flawed sourcing strategy. Literature Review Toy industry is one of the oldest industries for creativity and extremely volatile in nature. In the United States alone there are approximately 3 billion toys sold per year (Elsasser 2007). Toy sales estimate are nearly 22 billion USD (Strickler 2007). Figure 3 estimates the annual toy sales from July 06 June 07 which marked a rise up to 22.5 billion USD. Figure 3: State of Toy Industry Erratic and changing demands in this industry create a layer of volatility due to undersized and customized selling-openings and rapid product lifecycles. Toy demand and toy retailers needs are very volatile and expect toy manufactures to be very market responsive; but most toy manufacturers respond with conventional mass-production strategy which is very minimal in response and very mismatched to their strategy. Supply networks of such industries are growing into complex and dynamic mesh of varying relationships (Harland et al., 1999). Risk is escalating and its focal point is ever changing within the dynamism of supply networks all due to outsourcing of supply operations overseas and also due to growing complexity of product/service life-cycle. Of late research has explored strategies to minimize risk in toy supply chains and networks. One of the main assets of toy manufacturers is their network position and the relationships and policies that come with these (Turnbull et al., 1996). To asses and manage risks, network positioning plays an important role especially in resource sharing, reputation management and terms of contract (Henders, 1992). To begin the research, a literature search was undertaken with the intention of locating articles related to supply chain security and risk. The search included all journals known to publish articles related to security, risk, and/or supply chain management. Examination of the literature reveals four core premises that are consistently mentioned as vital for firms seeking to maintain effective levels of security and in minimizing and/or managing supply chain risk. (1) Preparation and planning initiatives. A central focus of the supply chain security/risk literature is business and supply chain continuity planning. Zsidisin et al. (2005a) offer a four-step business continuity plan, including awareness creation, prevention, remediation, and knowledge management, thought to be salient for firms needing to protect themselves and their supply chains from external risks. The business continuity planning concept is conceptually aligned with the supply chain risk paradigm, i.e. supply continuity planning by Zsidisin et al. (2005b), who suggest that controlling risks at the supplier level is critical for firms wishing to avoid disruptions in supply lines. (2) Security-related partnerships. Another theme found in the security literature addresses the formation and maintenance of security-related supply chain partnerships. Sheffi (2001) posits that leveraging relationships with suppliers and governmental agencies is necessary to ensure against asset and product damage and thereby facilitate supply chain continuity. He proposes that supplier relationships should be built both locally and globally, with higher tolerance for cost and lead-time requirements, in order to diversify supply risk. (3) Organizational adaptation. An additional emergent research focus deals with organizational adaptability as a coping response to potential or realized supply chain risks and crises. The literature broadly suggests that supply chain security-oriented firms take adaptive steps toward both securing supply chain assets and minimizing risk exposure. (4) Security-dedicated communications and technology. A final characteristic at the firm level is the implementation and usage of security/ risk-dedicated communications channels and/or security-facilitating or risk minimizing technology. Zsidisin et al. (2005a, b) state that the ability of the firm to manage information and knowledge, and to build continuously on the knowledge base, are imperative conditions for mitigating supply chain risk. In case of Mattel Toys Inc, risk came from the fact that about half of its toys are made in Mattel plants and about half are outsourced to vendor plants. Some of the problems came in when these vendor plants also outsourced to other vendor plants and again these other vendor plants outsourced, thus, making the supply chain very long or deep. The longer the supply chain, the harder it is for the foreign firms to keep track of who did what, when and the final quality of the parts or product (Lyles, 2008). The next section provides a security framework to deal with the past and unforeseen future risks in the complex supply network of Mattel Toys. They are suggested guidelines for identifying, assessing and managing risk. Theoretical Framework This section of the essay contains the overarching methodology for dealing with Mattels situation. For this purpose, the Supply Network Risk Tool put forward by Harland et al., 2002 has been used. A diagram illustrating the entire methodology has been given below. This is followed by a justification for selection, and identification of shortcomings. (Fig4. Supply Network Risk Tool, Source: Harland et al., 2002) Justification of the Theoretical Framework The framework is built on earlier research and consists of individual frameworks for each section, thus evaluating the problem in detail. It provides a holistic view to assess the situation/incident and follows a definite sequence for mapping and implementing risk strategy. For disruption like that of Mattels recall in 2007 it provides a resilient approach for managing the risks involved in an efficient manner. Testing/ Expansion of the theoretical Framework The Supply network risk framework consists of six sections which evaluate the overall situation of the organization in a comprehensive manner, and suggests solution accordingly. During the course of this expansion, Mattels situation is analyzed and simultaneously the framework is examined and later critiqued. Part 1- Map Supply Network: The diagram provided below is a snapshot of Mattels supply chain from beginning to end that existed before the recall in 2007. (Fig5. Mattels Global Supply Chain, Source: Barad, 2002) Identifying Risks Risks (table 1) within Mattels complex supply network have been identified. Strategic risk (Simons 1999) Definition: Affects business strategy implementation For Mattel: New technologies can render their products obsolete Sudden shifts in customer tastes kids are getting older younger (KGOY) toy retailers are consolidating retail price is falling Supply risk (Meulbrook 2000) Definition: Adversely affects inward flow of any type of resource to enable operations to take place; also termed input risk For Mattel: increasing customization outsourcing of operations disruption to the supplier quality problems, materials and parts shortages etc bankruptcy of supplier Customer risk (Meulbrook 2000) Definition: Affects likelihood of customers placing orders; grouped with factors such as product obsolescence in product/market risk For Mattel: Shift in customer buying pattern Shift in customer preferences More competitive products during demand Operations risk (Meulbrook 2000) Definition: Affects a firms internal ability to produce and supply goods/services For Mattel: Failed/ out-dated technology Labour strike Disasters and Natural Calamities Reputation risk (Schwartz and Gibb 1999) Definition: Erodes value of whole business due to loss of confidence. For Mattel: Recall history Financial risk (Meulbrook 2000) Definition: Exposes a firm to potential loss through changes in financial markets; can also occur when specific debtors default For Mattel: Drop in market share Devaluation of company share price Fall in credit rating Legal Regulatory risk (Meulbrook 2000) Regulatory definition: Exposes the firm with changes in regulations affecting the firms business Legal definition: Exposes the firm to litigation with action arising from customers, suppliers, shareholders or employees For Mattel: Changes in regulation and government policies Lawsuits Supplier country legalities Then these have been categorized into various types which have been used as a guideline to examine the risk (table 2) and consequences faced during their great product recall in 2007. Type of Risk Identified Risks Consequences Causes Supply Risk Quality related: Lead Paint Contamination Loosely fitted components Supplier related: Fraud Contract Default Recall of products and associated costs Lawsuits Re-evaluation of suppliers Suppliers pulled out of market Increased retailer control Defective raw materials moving downstream Trust deterioration Deviation from quality standards Outsourcing of quality control Low transparency in Contract Terms Poor tractability of source of supplier Falsification of documents by suppliers Use of uncertified led paint Deviation from quality standards Improper sub-vendor tracking Falsification of documents by suppliers Improper regulation Operations Risk Design related: Unfeasible magnet design Recall of products and associated costs Costs of redesign and RD Failed testing both in design and production stage Flawed RD Customer Reputation Risk Market related: Brand Image Loss in sales Loss in customer loyalty Uncertainty Bad consumer experience and accidents Health hazards Falling consumer confidence Decreased Brand Loyalty Adverse impact on other products Loss in revenue Increased uncertainty in buyers Harmful products Betrayal of customer trust Delicate target market Legal Regulatory Risk Policy lawsuit related: Legislative Regulatory Lawsuits Fine by CPSC Led to new and tighter regulations Did not track their own standards Political influence by stakeholders Financial Risk Economic related: Drop in share price Drop in sales Drop in sales and revenue Implementation of 3-fold plan by Mattel Retail pullout Recall of products Media critique and bad publicity Customer fallout Strategy Risk Outsourcing related: Vendor subcontracting Sub-vendor quality control Drop in product standard Harmed consumer base Affected brand name Dropped market share Vendor subcontracting and then sub-vendor again subcontracting Flawed track of sub-vendor and sub-sub-vendor activities Assessing Risk In this section a probability-impact matrix has been created to assess the impact of risk (mentioned in figure 3) on the supply network of Mattel Toys based on its probability of occurrence. High 2,3,5,6,7,8,11,12, 13, 18-23* Impact *Refer Appendix ab for description of number 1,4,10,14,15* Probability Low High The matrix clearly shows that most of the major risks associated with its supply network lies in High Impact Low Probability and High Impact High Probability region. This matrix has been used as a reference to create another matrix (below) for a specific risk that Mattel suffered i.e., the great recall of 2007. High Fraud, Contract Default, Quality- Lead contamination, Design- Magnet component, Impact *Refer Appendix ab for description of number Brand Image, Loss in sale, Loss in customer loyalty, Legal Regulatory, Drop in share price Low Probability High During this period, all risks had very high impact on Mattels supply network and caused setbacks and disruption which were hard to recover from. Managing Risk There are a few ways in which Mattel can increase their capabilities of supply chain risk management; Visibility   In order to properly assess supply chain risk and respond to events, visibility across the supply chain is required. This means that the supply chain risk management tool must be capable of integrating with, and modeling ERP analytics from, multiple disparate ERP systems, including systems supporting the supply and distribution nodes. Event detection and alerting   The sooner a supply chain disruption is recognized, the faster the response. An alert that shows up in e-mail or a portable e-mail device will ensure that the appropriate people are made aware of the event when it happens. Too many times, event detection is based on the event itself. To be truly valuable, alert should be triggered based on the anticipated impact of the event. For example, if a supplier goes out of business, but the loss of this supplier doesnt impact key metrics, an alert may not be necessary. Analytics   The full suite of supply chain analytics needs to be modeled in the supply chain risk management tool to ensure the impact of a potential supply chain event is understood. When an event happens, analytics are used to model the event and determine the impact. Above all, these analytics need to be performed in real time, especially when responding to an unanticipated supply chain disruption. When an event happens, every second counts and a company cant wait days or weeks to understand the impact or to determine resolution alternatives. Simulation   Simulation is critical to both sides of supply chain risk management. When assessing the risks, simulation helps to model different risk scenarios. Further, simulation is used to model alternative mitigation strategies to ensure that they are sound. When responding to an unanticipated supply chain event, simulation is used to model and compare the various response alternatives. Collaboration   The risk management team will need to evaluate several possible mitigation alternatives. Members of the team will likely not have the detailed knowledge necessary to explore all alternatives in the detail needed to develop a robust mitigation strategy. The ability to bring other people into the evaluation process is critical both to validate the proposed strategy and to propose key improvements to the strategy. Similarly when responding to an unanticipated supply chain event, collaborating with those with the detailed knowledge ensures that the response alternatives are reasonable. Scenario comparison   in the process of developing mitigation strategies or responses, the team may develop multiple approaches that potentially resolve the problem, but in differing ways. The team needs to make a decision on which resolution or mitigation alternative best meets the goals of the organization. One approach may extend lead times by 30 days, while the other may increase the cost of goods sold by 10%. The decision on which approach is best needs to be evaluated in light of corporate goals. Form collaborative supply network risk strategy To be successful in todays aggressive toy market, retailers and manufacturers should drive lean and closely controlled supply chains. As the rate of promotional marketing and innovative product launch continues to grow, companies are mostly caught between dynamic customer demands and comparatively fixed manufacturing and logistics parameters and limitations. Collaborative planning helps in dealing with supply chain issues. To improve supply chain responsiveness in Mattel, it requires shared visibility with suppliers and retailers into events happening now and in the future, while working jointly to resolve issues and problems surrounding delivery constraints. Implementation To keep up with dynamism of market demand and unseen risks, Mattel needs to implement its strategies for risk management in clear structured, and/or procedural way. According to Freedman (2003), strategy implementation should encompass order, commitment, ingenuity, management control and advanced execution skills. In Mattel, the Corporate Responsibility division should use this as a guideline for their advisory and research. Freedman (2003) also observed that moderating complexity is one of the core steps in strategy implementation. This is in regard to Mattels supply chain network which was complex and vendor mismanagement lead to one of their biggest recalls. It is recommended for Mattel, to train and educated their workforce to handle unanticipated risks in supply networks (Harland et al, 2002). Their workforce needs to be made more aware of the total inherent risks faced after the great recall and learn to identify such risks in early stages. They need to focus on current practices of risk management and evaluate if these are apt after the recall. Mattel needs to handle complexities within their supply chain network by increasing visibility in it. This can be achieved by examining risk at the level of the network rather than restricted view to just immediate vendors (Harland et al, 2002).. They need to increase access to and control of sub-vendors throughout the supply network. This in turn will help them to expose risks throughout their supply chain. Also they need to develop/upgrade their existing supply network risk strategy and bring it in-line with their organizational practices and the framework suggested here. The key to successful risk management implementation is by identifying two situations to respond to supply chain events (Source: Kinaxis); An unanticipated supply disruption1 And, an anticipated supply disruption by executing a mitigation strategy In both cases, the main task is to alert on time that an event has occurred. Its difficult to respond to an event if you lack information on it. The supply chain needs to be monitored continuously. The practice of risk management from spotting risks, through choosing suitable risk management strategies, and then altering the structure of the supply chain is an information-demanding procedure (Source: Husdal). This means it is very dependent on information sharing. The key activity then is to identify vital information signalling risk while filtering data. Critique The model is critiqued to identify the shortcoming of the framework: The model is build upon existing model and does not provide any new technique to provide a total security solution . The model is subjective in nature as the author Harland et al, 2002, themselves pointed out that on categorization and identification of risk, the view of assessors assessing may be different. It may not always be possible for organizations to continuously examine risks and have strategic frameworks in position The setting up of collaborative arrangements in supply network and identification of risks and implementation of this in existing system may prove costly As the model is subjective in nature, there might be difference in opinion of the assessors on the rating of particular risk in the organization. Conclusion In the wake of Mattels great recall in 2007, it is seen that their strategy for outsourcing brought about one of their biggest losses and led to brand tarnishing and major fall in their market value. Their response to this crisis was well-handled but this raised questions on how they foresee their risks and avert them? The suggested security framework draws a birds eye view of their supply network and asses risk at every level of their supply chain. It provides 6 key tools to asses risk and some effective steps to implement them. Later this framework is also subjected to self-critique but from a broader picture it can provide some key modification to the shortcomings in Mattels current strategy. Recommendation

Comparing Dreams in Of Mice and Men and A Raisin in the Sun :: comparison compare contrast essays

Of Mice and Men and A Raisin in the Sun   Dreams Make What Life Is    In the novels Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry and the novel Out of the dust by Karen Hesse, dreams are viewed in different perspectives. John Stenbeck is telling you to strive for your goals and to work towards them because your dreams can get deferred and destroyed. When the opinion of Hansberry is implying that dreams can come true if you try hard, even if you're going through tough times. Karen Hesse is reiterating that you should not let anything interfere with accomplishing your goals.    Dreams deferred usually end up being diminished from existence. In the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck the characters dreams, which are put on, hold all get destroyed. Lennie's dream was to live on the land in which he owned and to tend the rabbits (pg.14). He finally was almost about to achieve his dream in a month but after working in a ranch for a few days he killed Curly's wife by accident (pg.94) so he dies and also loses all his dreams so his dreams are pessimistic. Also with Lennie's dream being destroyed also George's dream was which was also to live on a ranch so (pg.7). This happens because he can't make his dream reality without Lennie showing pessimistic out view on dreams. Dreams only can bring you so far it all depends on what your destiny is. This is because even though Lennie and George's dreams were crushed even though they tried there hardest to reach them also Candy, Crooks and Curly's wife dreams were ruined too.    Candy didn't have anything so he wanted grow old on the ranch with George and Lennie (pg59-60) but then Lennie kills Curly's Wife and his dream dies (pg.94). Candy's dreams end in a pessimistic outlook because all he wanted got destroyed leaving him with nothing. Crooks dream was to be respected and not looked at for his color and wanted to live on the ranch with Curly Lennie and George (pg.64). Even though he wanted this he noticed by what Curly's wife said to him that his dream will never be achieved, so he changes his mind (pg.

Frankenstein and Blade Runner †Texts in Time Analysis Essay

Many themes and ideas continue to reoccur among different texts in time. However studying two texts in conjunction allows one to observe how composers manipulate ideas in order to more accurately connect to their context, and reflect the concerns and values of the time. Through the comparative study of Mary Shelley’s 1818 gothic novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scott’s 1981 neo-noir cyberpunk film Blade Runner (Director’s Cut), one can observe how in these two didactic and prescient tales, ideas of the dangers of unrestrained scientific progress and the Promethean overreaching of man are explored, with differences in values presented reflecting the different contexts between the texts. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein was created in an era of rapid technological change. By 1818, the Industrial Revolution had deeply influenced the fundamental nature of society, while Enlightenment inspired ideals of logic and autonomy of reason were prominent in society. Her text accordingly reflects this, as seen in the protagonist Victor Frankenstein; â€Å"I am imbued with a fervent longing to penetrate the secrets of nature. † This metaphor alludes to his passionate and desperate urge to uncover the secrets to the creation of life. Shelley however critiques his intrusive scientific pursuit and horrid creation by juxtaposing it with the beauty of nature. This is seen in the bucolic descriptions of nature’s sublime; â€Å"Mighty alps, whose white and shining pyramids and domes towered above all. † Nature calms and dehumanises Victor throughout the text, but Victor pursues science to the extent that nature loses its consoling ability, and thereafter the Arctic becomes a pathetic fallacy to mock Victor’s psychological and mental isolation. This criticism is further emphasised through the epistolary narrative framework, which allows the text to begin in medias res. The first introduction to Victor is him in a state of complete ruin, and so the text is a forewarning of the ramifications of amoral scientific advancement. In a similar manner, Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner was created in a time of rapid technological progress through the 1970s and 80s. The emergence of the computer and communication age meant that the world became more centralised, with a growing concern that technology was destroying the environment. Set in Los Angeles in 2019, the opening establishing shot of the expansive city immediately demonstrates the negative consequences of untamed scientific advancement. The fire belching into the sky, the artificial city lights sparkling under a looming red-grey sky and the haunting synthetic pulses from the Vangelis soundtrack allude to Hades, making the city a vision of hell. The camera then zooms into the reflection of an eye, which depicts the artificiality of the world and introduces dystopian themes of paranoia and surveillance. Hence we can see that Blade Runner is representative of a grim future that Shelley’s scientific hubris warned us of nearly two centuries ago. However there are alterations in the ideas shown to befit the differing contexts of the texts. Mary Shelley argues that an excessive pursuit of science can lead to the ruin of an individual man, seen in Victor Frankenstein. She also argues that nature is larger than man, evident in her highly Romantic descriptions of nature’s sublime. Ridley Scott however argues that man is overpowering nature, owing to the global concerns of pollution and deforestation in the 1980s. Hence Scott implies amoral scientific advancement will lead to the detriment of society as a whole, and not just at an individual level. Unequivocally, both texts explore the idea of the promethean overreaching of man and his tendency to usurp the role of God, through the characters of Victor Frankenstein and Tyrell. The subtitle of Mary Shelley’s novel, The Modern Prometheus, refers to Victor Frankenstein, and his creation of the monster. A new species would bless me as its creator and source† His creation however leads him to transcend the boundaries of man and elevate him into a god-like status, and this leads to Victor’s complete societal and mental isolation, where he loses sight of his responsibilities and the consequences of his actions. Victor compares himself to God, while the monster says to Victor â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel†, referring to himself as Lucifer. This means the text is given added complexity in that there is a duality between both characters, where neither Victor or the monster are innately good or bad, rather they containing capacity for both, as they become two sides of a single entity, forming a doppelganger relationship. Finally, the literary allusion by Victor; â€Å"how could I enter into a festival with this deadly weight hanging round my neck? † is a reference to the albatross in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and shows the eternal punishment and guilt Victor faces from outstretching the boundaries of man and playing the role of God. Therefore it is apparent that in her text, Shelley attempts to warn of the dire consequences of man’s promethean overreaching of the role of God. Correspondingly, the idea of man overstepping of the natural order is heavily explored in Blade Runner. The film is the epitome of a dystopian world dominated by commerce. The initial low angle shot of the Tyrell Corporation’s grand ziggurat-like monolith reflects the rampant commercialisation and commodification of the world, while the blue light shining into the sky pertains to the usurpation of God’s role, and the diminishment of nature in modern society. The Tyrell Corporation’s dominance criticises the â€Å"greed is good† attitude of the 1980s, typified through the antagonist Eldon Tyrell; â€Å"Commerce is our goal here at Tyrell, ‘More Human than Human’ is our motto. † His thick glasses symbolise his failure to see the future consequences of his actions, much like Victor, and this adds to the eye motif of the film, where eyes are windows to the soul and measures of humanity – something which Tyrell clearly lacks. Roy Batty, the film’s role-reversed protagonist, is portrayed initially as a Satanic figure; â€Å"I’ve done questionable things†, akin to the monster being labelled â€Å"daemon† and â€Å"devil† in Frankenstein. However Scott makes a biblical allusion when Batty crucifies his own hand, and this relates him to Christ. Thus one can see how in both texts the composers warn of the dangers of usurping the role of god, showing the complexity and duality of man on Earth. Mary Shelley’s romantic values however mean that through the character of Victor, she aims to criticise the overreaching aspect of Enlightenment, warning that those who do will be eternally punished. Ridley Scott however aims to condemn the overcommercialisation and increasing greed in society, using Tyrell as a figure to represent man’s obsession for power, and in such he criticises the society that we live in. In these ways it can be seen how the overreaching of god in both texts is used differently to resonate with different contextual values. Therefore, through a comparative study of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner, we can see how the common issues of rampant scientific and technological progress and the usurpation of the natural order is explored in both texts, however these ideas are varied slightly in order to suit the differing contexts. Frankenstein aims at questioning Enlightenment values, while Blade Runner condemns materialism, unhinged genetic engineering and corporal greed, essentially critiquing society and presenting a dystopian vision of the future.

Forensic Psychology and Cognitive Perspective Research Paper

Forensic Psychology and Cognitive Perspective Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Forensic Psychology and Cognitive Perspective Research Paper Have you ever watched â€Å"The Practice† or â€Å"Law and Order† and wondered who selects the jury for a trial or helps the eyewitnesses fill in the fuzzy sections of their memories? Chances are you didn’t realize that the guy who performed the lie detector test on the suspect in the last episode of â€Å"CSI† was a forensic psychologist either. These are just a few of the jobs fulfilled by legal or forensic psychologists. Forensic psychology is tied closest to the cognitive perspective. The cognitive perspective was developed by George Miller, Jerome Bruner, and Ulrich Neisser throughout the 1900’s. It focused on identifying the process of thinking, memory, and organizing and storing information. It also looked at mental imaging, language, and dreams, with the main idea that perceptions and thoughts influence behavior. Forensic psychologists not only offer their expert opinion at trials, but can also be found helping a witness identify a murderer in a line of suspects. They sometimes hypnotize subjects to help them remember things or interview potential jury members to eliminate those who may be biased. These tasks relate to the cognitive activities of thinking, memory and perceptions. Other times, they give their own expert testimony at trials which could result in an individual being confined to a mental institution, receive huge monetary awards, obtain custody of a child, or lose his or her life. Legal psychologists play a big role in the justice system. Forensic psychologists often work within the judicial system in such diverse areas as determining an inmate’s readiness for parole; evaluation of rehabilitation programs; criminal competency; tort liability and damages; evidence; jury selection; and police training. The evaluations of the mental state of individuals also communicate the cognitive perspective. They may also be employed in other areas of jurisprudence, including patent and trademark disputes, divorce and custody cases, product liability, and taxation. Psychologists advise their clients in several ways, including diagnostic appraisals, which may determine the capability of the client to stand trial. They are also called to provide clinically-based opinions on a wide variety of issues arising from their diagnoses. Sometimes they obtain hospital records, police reports, witness statements, and provide relevant research. Besides submitting these and other findings, they are often required to testify in court. Forens ic psychologists may be hired by a defense attorney to evaluate the defendant’s mental processes. They administer personality and intelligence tests after being briefed on the circumstances of the crime and examining records detailing the mental or emotional problems and treatment. Forensic psychology can also be tied to the ideas of structuralism: structure of conscious experience (such as witnessing a crime); objective sensations- seeing, touching, tasting, hearing; and subjective feelings like memories and thoughts. Legal psychologists are regularly consulted in child custody cases. Both parents must be evaluated, the children, and other relevant family members. It may involve visits to the home of each parent to find out additional information on the relationship between the parent and child and the living environment. They want to determine the best interests of the child. They may train police officers to handle diverse situations like domestic abuse, suicide threats, hostage crises, and how to control crowds. If the police have an idea of the mental processes of those they are involved with, they can do their jobs better. Clinicians who enter the forensic area seek to uncover truth whatever the implications may be. Forensic psycho physiologists determine whether or not people are telling the truth with the use of polygraph machines. The machine records a person’s physical response to questions then the results are shared with the person at the requesting agency. The lie detector measures blood pressure, breathing, electrical conductivity of the skin, pulse, and perspiration in order to tell if a person is lying or not. This aspect of forensics especially ties back to the cognitive perspective and conscious thoughts. If the inquired party does not provide accurate answers, then their body’s reaction gives them away. Forensic or legal psychology is most directly related to the cognitive perspective because most of this profession deals with mentality, memories and conscious thoughts. Psychologists assess witnesses and suspects for accuracy in objective thoughts and help enhance memories to uncover the truth and put away the bad guys. Gall, Susan. The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 1996. Faust, David and Ziskin, Jay. â€Å"Science† [http://web3.infotrac.gale] July 1, 1088 Mariani, Matthew. â€Å"Occupational Outlook Quarterly† [http://web3.infotrac.gale] Spring 1996 Murphey, Joann, M.D. â€Å"Forensic Psychology† [drjmurphey.com/forensic.htm] 2003 Research Papers on Forensic Psychology and Cognitive Perspective Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of India

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THE MENNONITE LIFESTYLE essays The Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther sparked the formation of radical "Anabaptists" branch of Christianity in the sixteenth century, many eventually fled religious pressures and persecution in their countries of resettled in the Americas, while others found relative safety in Russia. many of the Russian Anabaptists sought refuge in the United States by the Many of the later Anabaptist immigrants to America came from and Germany, and they retained most of their cultures of origin, such as dialects and cuisine. Many more communities or sects developed within the Mennonite Anabaptists, totaling more than one million, in the Americas, and in Europe, their land of origin. Mennonites took their name from a converted Dutch priest by the name Menno Simons (1496-1561) who provided Anabaptism with his leadership in Century Holland. The appellation "Anabaptist" refers to their practice of adult believers.(2) Subsequent philosophical differences led to the stricter, more orthodox Mennonites living in Switzerland and Alsace into "Amish", named for Jakob Ammann (1644-1725), in 1693.(3) 1. About Mennonites (2001) Mennonite.net: Accessed at: 2. The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions Bower, J.(1997) Oxford The first groups of Amish migrating from Switzerland settled in in the early 18th Century, and subsequently spread primarily to Ohio and while also establishing a presence in twenty other states by the end of the Century. The United States is home to more than two hundred distinct Mennonites, comprising approximately 150,000 people, the vast majority of still live in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Kansas. The principle philosophical differences between the Mennonites and the Amish sects of Anabaptism concern the relative strictness of practice, the underlying Christian belief. Specifically, the Amish practice strict exclusivity, while the Men...

The Language of Change in Mary Barton †Literature Essay

The Language of Change in Mary Barton – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers The Language of Change in Mary Barton Literature Essay In the novel Mary Barton, language is used to convey mood as well as religious commitment. Elizabeth Gaskell uses an obvious shift from common language to an almost biblical language when she wants display a change in the mood or the religious manner of the characters. This is most apparent in the dialogue of John Barton, when he either seems to need or has lost his religious fervor. However, some of her intentions can be interpreted in a modern context quite differently than they were intended in the nineteenth century. Gaskell also uses a subtler, possibly unintentional, language shift in various passages to show the mindset of the upper class in contrast to the lower class. In the beginning of chapter three, after the death of Mary’s mother, John Barton has a common dialect. He says, on page 51, â€Å"Nothing could have saved her-there has been some shock to the system† (Gaskell 51). However, a few pages later he is talking to Mary after she says that she will do anything to help him he says, â€Å"I know thou wilt. Thou must not fret thyself ill, that’s the first thing I ask. Thou must leave me, and go to bed now, like a good girl as thou art† (Gaskell 53). This shift in language shows a shift in tone, almost a prayer for divine intervention. M. M. Bakhtin would refer to this as heteroglossia, meaning different languages. In his essay, â€Å"Discourse in the Novel,† he states, â€Å"Shifts from common language to parodying of generic and other languages and shifts to the direct authorial word may be gradual, or may be on the contrary quite abrupt.† (Bakhtin 302-3). Gaskell’s shift from common language to a biblical tongue is quite abrupt, as Bakhtin theorizes in all novels, but contrary to Bakhtin’s assumptions that in all novels this is type of shift is an unintentional occurrence, Gaskell’s shift is quite intentional and purposeful. Bakhtin says, â€Å"To one degree or another, the author distances himself from this common language, he steps back and objectifies it, forcing his own intentions to refract and diffuse themselves through the medium of this common view that has become embodied in language (a view that is always superficial and frequently hypocritical)† (Bakhtin 302). I believe that he is trying to say that the author often changes the common language without thinking directly about the shift, but subconsciously adds his own feelings to the language, which often shows his (or in this case her) own bias view of the world. In Mary Barton, however, this is not always the case. In the case of Mary Barton, Elizabeth Gaskell has a point that she is trying to make, and that point is quite intentional. In the passage where John Barton speaks to Jem Wilson as Barton is dying he says, â€Å"Lad! thou hast borne a deal for me. It’s the meanest thing I ever did to leave thee to bear the brunt. Thou, who wert as innocent of any knowledge of it as the babe unborn. I’ll not bless thee for it. Blessing from such as me would not bring thee any good. Thou’lt love Mary, though she is my child† (Gaskell 449). This is a direct shift from the common language that John Barton was using prior to this statement. It seems to reflect a need for forgiveness. The tone is like a catholic confession. The reader is left with the feeling that he is not only asking for forgiveness from Jem, but he is also asking forgiveness from God. Once again, in this passage the author creates this change intentionally contrary to Bakhtin’s assumptions of an author’s shift being unintentional. However, sometimes Gaskell’s intentions can be interpreted differently. In a modern context, a person who speaks in a biblical dialect is considered pompous and arrogant. We assume that the person is talking as if he/she is God. Early in the novel, when John Barton is speaking to his daughter Mary about her relationship with Jem Wilson he says, â€Å"Thou’st played thy cards badly, then†¦At one time he were desperate fond o’ thee, or I’m much mistaken. Much fonder of thee than thou deservest† (Gaskell 177). Although this is intended to be a father’s concern for his daughter’s well being, it seems more like he is trying to control her, when taken in a modern context. In the nineteenth century it might have been fine to expect a daughter to have a man to take care of her, but in a modern context it is taken as degrading to women to think in such terms. This is an idea where Bakhtin’s theory might apply more clearly to this novel. Bakhtin states, â€Å"The relationship of the author to a language conceived as the common view is not static-it is always found in a state of movement and oscillation that is more or less alive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bakhtin 302). I take this to mean that the language takes on a life of its own, and can sometimes go beyond what the author had originally intended. In the previous passage, Gaskell might have intended for the change in discourse to show a father’s love for his daughter (much like that of God himself), but it appears to me, over a century later, that this is a domineering type of speech (also much like God in the Bible). There are many other examples of this type of speech in the novel. Early in the novel John Barton is talking about a conversation that he had with Mary’s mother about Mary possibly becoming a lady one day. He says, â€Å"Thou’d best not put that nonsense i’ th’ girl’s head I can tell thee; I’d rather see h er earning her bread by the sweat of her brow, as the Bible tells her she should do, aye, though she never got butter to her bread, than be like a do-nothing lady, worrying shopmen all morning, and screeching at her pianny all afternoon, and going to bed without having done a good turn to any one of God’s creatures but herself† (Gaskell 39). Once again, this may have been intended as a father wanting his daughter to be raised with good values, but in a modern context I see it is a demonstration of a religious zealot forcing a patriarchal belief on his daughter. Since I am not a Christian, and see Christianity as overbearing, I am going to read more into the language than Gaskell had intended when she wrote the passage. I think this type of unintentional discourse is what Bakhtin is trying to get at in his essay. But, there are also more subtle uses of language by Gaskell that reflect Bakhtin’s theory in the novel. In the passage where Harry Carson is talking with Mary about how much he loves her and why she should love him also. In the passage, which is much to long to quote entirely, Gaskell uses words like â€Å"own, luxury, purchase, factory, good deal, offer and ambitious† to describe young Carson’s feelings (Gaskell 187). The shift in language, from sentimental to business like, is used to show Harry’s feeling that everything is a business deal and money can get him anything he wants. This shift in discourse is possibly, although not likely, something that the author might not have intended. I perceived the language as showing how cold and calculating Harry was about love. He is totally incapable of comprehending anything that doesn’t involve money. But, another reader might see it as just his way of arranging his thoughts to best describe his feelings for Mary. Thus, the language had taken on a life outside of the intended meaning. In another example of this type of subtle shift is right after the Trade Union returns from London after unsuccessful negotiations, Gaskell uses the word â€Å"master† frequently in describing the factory owners. This change is language shows the narrators change from an objective observer to a bias commentator. The narrator uses the word master because of the connotation to slavery. If the owners are the masters then the reader will subconsciously think of the workers as the slaves (Gaskell 228). This may or may not have been intentional by Gaskell, but in the context of twentieth, or twenty-first, century life having ones boss called master is very offensive to the worker. Therefore, we see once again that text isn’t static, having only one perceived meaning as the author had intended, but different readers can interpret it differently over time. There is even a more obvious example of how connotative language changes over time, when the author is describing John Barton she says, â€Å" John Barton became a Chartist, a Communist, all that is commonly called wild and visionary† (Gaskell 226). To people living in a post-Cold War society this sentence would make John Barton seem like he is out of control and evil, but the text footnotes the passage to remind the current reader that â€Å"communist† in the nineteenth century only meant that he advocated communal living (meaning sharing things like food and what little money they had with others in there social group for the betterment of all). Thus, one can see that although Elizabeth Gaskell, in the novel Mary Barton, uses an obvious shift in discourse for her own meaning, religious forgiveness, confession, and to show how fatherly love is much like that of God, there is also an unintentional meaning added by the reader, that of hypocrisy and social dominance. There are also subtle, possibly unintended shifts in discourse as well. Either way, it has been shown that the language of the novel, or any novel, is not set on a single connation, but has many different interpretations depending on the reader’s beliefs and the era in which it is read. It is all relative to the reader and goes beyond what the author has put on the page. That in a nutshell is what I believe Bakhtin was also trying to say. Bakhtin, M. M. â€Å"Discourse in the Novel.† Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. Ed. Jennifer Foster. Toronto: Broadview, 2000. Research Papers on The Language of Change in Mary Barton - Literature EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Fifth Horseman

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Risk Management Overview - Essay Example Risk Management is a systematic process of managing risk exposures. Risk and uncertainties affect business and investment in a number of ways. There are two possible outcomes for the risks- may be gains or loss (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008, p. 4). Fig-1 gives background information about these two possible outcomes of risks. Risk management considers not only the threats but also the opportunities that are possible gains out of risks. Risk can be taken positively or negatively. Perceiving it in positive way will be an approach to manage it and if that it is done effectively, risk can be utilized. If it is ignored and no management activities are performed, it will bring loss instead of gains. An organization can be said to have good organization wide risk management system if its risk management activities are starting from the very starting point of the projects, if risk management is integrated with other managerial function and finally if all stakeholders are actively involved in the risk management processes (Cooper, Grey, and Raymond, 2005, p. 15). According to Culp (2001), risk management is an organizational process that is separated in to five general activities that are 1) identifying the risks and determine the tolerance, 2) measure risks, 3) monitor and report risks, 4) control risks, and 5) oversee, audit, tune and re-align the risk management process (p. 210). This is depicted in the figure- 2. Risk management process comprises of set of actions taken by individuals or firms as an endeavor to alter the risks arising from their business. Each stages like identification an control are ultimately a forward-looking process as the main target is to manage risks and thus to achieve overall business success. Risk management and its functional areas may deal with both insurable and non-insurable risks like risk due to bad management or risk due to fashion change etc. According to Merna and Al-Thani

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Chapter exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter exercise - Essay Example While deceit is considered as occurring via commission, omission also counts, whereby not all the relevant facts are presented. It is essential to develop relationships with people who adhere to the moral conduct code; people of integrity. People who do not honour early commitments will most likely disappoint you in the future. An organization’s code of ethics refers to the ACM code of ethics in this paper, which consists of 24 principles. Examples include principle 1.5, which requires one to honour intellectual property rights and principle 1.7 that implies that invasion of privacy by sharing information about other people on social media is wrong. Cyber bullying, as it is referred to, means the posting of information on social media with intent to hurt someone. Additionally, those who post information on social networks run the risk of identity theft. An example of identity theft involves theft of one’s social security number and accessing credit card accounts. Selecting a new e-mail address or changing email providers after a hack is often discouraged by switching costs, which is incurred by moving from one product to another. This is especially so given that most of your friends already know your address and this would mean starting all over. While switching costs may sometimes be low, for example, for those that used Netscape as their earlier browser, some are also perceived. Hackers will usually attempt to make their signatures look authentic, for example, by attaching a copyright symbol into their signature. Copyright should be taken seriously since breaking these laws is a serious offence. Even if, the information is free, the user cannot sell this information. Plagiarism is another concept that is considered as an offence and breach of ethics. With so many sellers and buyers on the internet, it is important to take security measures. People stealing personal information and credit cards then sell the information to on-line auction buyers

Multinationals Act More Ethically as They Are More Successful Dissertation

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Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Essay

Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence - Essay Example While Martin Luther King considers nonviolence as the fundamental code of life in all situations irrespective of the complexity of the circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a balance between violence and nonviolence to attain a holistic control over both the external and the internal factors influencing one’s life. This paper draws a comparison between the views of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi regarding nonviolence. Martin Luther King thought of the society as one unit in which if one is affected by the violence in some way, its consequences are borne by all people in the society indirectly. Therefore, the first and the foremost responsibility of every citizen is to feel this sense of belongingness and concernedness when somebody experiences violence. Martin Luther King believed that a nonviolent campaign basically consists of four steps; determination of the existence of injustice by collection of facts, dialogue, self-purification, and lastly, the direct action. None of these steps imparts the need for one to be violent in one’s attempt to eradicate violence from the society and spread peace. Even the â€Å"direct action† which apparently seems to be a little rough approach towards the resolution of the matter is not-so-rough in the real sense, as it is also nonviolent. Examples of the nonviolent direct action are marches and sit-ins. The only purpose of these nonviolent direct actions is to convince the other party to conduct dialogue and negotiations with the concerned party to ease the tension. While negotiation is a fairly effective way of reducing tension between two or more parties, the results are not always very objective and solid because of the non-seriousness of some people in the concerned groups. Unlike Martin Luther King, Gandhi has considered violence not only a useful but also compulsory way of attaining control over the external factors. â€Å"Violence is needed for the protection of things external,

Chapter exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter exercise - Essay Example While deceit is considered as occurring via commission, omission also counts, whereby not all the relevant facts are presented. It is essential to develop relationships with people who adhere to the moral conduct code; people of integrity. People who do not honour early commitments will most likely disappoint you in the future. An organization’s code of ethics refers to the ACM code of ethics in this paper, which consists of 24 principles. Examples include principle 1.5, which requires one to honour intellectual property rights and principle 1.7 that implies that invasion of privacy by sharing information about other people on social media is wrong. Cyber bullying, as it is referred to, means the posting of information on social media with intent to hurt someone. Additionally, those who post information on social networks run the risk of identity theft. An example of identity theft involves theft of one’s social security number and accessing credit card accounts. Selecting a new e-mail address or changing email providers after a hack is often discouraged by switching costs, which is incurred by moving from one product to another. This is especially so given that most of your friends already know your address and this would mean starting all over. While switching costs may sometimes be low, for example, for those that used Netscape as their earlier browser, some are also perceived. Hackers will usually attempt to make their signatures look authentic, for example, by attaching a copyright symbol into their signature. Copyright should be taken seriously since breaking these laws is a serious offence. Even if, the information is free, the user cannot sell this information. Plagiarism is another concept that is considered as an offence and breach of ethics. With so many sellers and buyers on the internet, it is important to take security measures. People stealing personal information and credit cards then sell the information to on-line auction buyers

Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Essay

Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence - Essay Example While Martin Luther King considers nonviolence as the fundamental code of life in all situations irrespective of the complexity of the circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a balance between violence and nonviolence to attain a holistic control over both the external and the internal factors influencing one’s life. This paper draws a comparison between the views of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi regarding nonviolence. Martin Luther King thought of the society as one unit in which if one is affected by the violence in some way, its consequences are borne by all people in the society indirectly. Therefore, the first and the foremost responsibility of every citizen is to feel this sense of belongingness and concernedness when somebody experiences violence. Martin Luther King believed that a nonviolent campaign basically consists of four steps; determination of the existence of injustice by collection of facts, dialogue, self-purification, and lastly, the direct action. None of these steps imparts the need for one to be violent in one’s attempt to eradicate violence from the society and spread peace. Even the â€Å"direct action† which apparently seems to be a little rough approach towards the resolution of the matter is not-so-rough in the real sense, as it is also nonviolent. Examples of the nonviolent direct action are marches and sit-ins. The only purpose of these nonviolent direct actions is to convince the other party to conduct dialogue and negotiations with the concerned party to ease the tension. While negotiation is a fairly effective way of reducing tension between two or more parties, the results are not always very objective and solid because of the non-seriousness of some people in the concerned groups. Unlike Martin Luther King, Gandhi has considered violence not only a useful but also compulsory way of attaining control over the external factors. â€Å"Violence is needed for the protection of things external,

Academic degree Essay Example for Free

Academic degree Essay The different Definitions of education are misinterpreted in different ways, but there are still ways that you can interpret what you think the definition is on education. Education is to be able to find your own path. To have a high school diploma or to have a college degree, education is to be successful in your life in whatever way that is. Trying to define education is like trying to define why the sky is the color it is or why the grass is green, there is no accurate definition of education to me. Education can mean more than one thing having a college degree but also can mean not having a college degree. Being educated to me means to be successful in your life, just because you do not have a college degree doesn’t mean you will not go far in your life or make a good amount of money. People make it seem as if you don’t have a decent degree you will just work at a fast food restaurant. If someone were to ask me what it meant to be educated I wouldn’t be able to give them an answer. My mother Julie, went to the University Of Arkansas were she had completed law school. After completing law school she got a job at JB Hunt being a contract attorney. My father Carlos, who only has a high school diploma but works for a company called South Western Energy and is a company man for two rigs out in Pennsylvania where he is very successful in what he does. I don’t think you have to have a college diploma to be the most educated person around. Do I think you would make more amount of money in certain professions? Yes. Society makes it out to be that you must be admitted to a college to be educated, but really how educated do you have to be, to be admitted into a college. Back in the day it was a lot harder to get into a college, now-a-days you can score a fourteen through a sixteen and easily get into a college and just have to do remediation classes. Being tested for an ACT, SAT, Standardized test to me doesn’t show how educated you really are. Teachers teach you for the chapter they are covering than they either expect you to continue to remember what they taught you or you forget it. On the standardized test or the ACT or SAT there is information that you were taught in younger grades or that you haven’t been taught yet. So technically it really isn’t showing how educated a person may really be. Life its self-offers you an education. This lesson of education is more a hard learning education. ‘The best way to predict your future is to create It. ’- Abraham Lincoln. You are not taught in school how to balance a check book, how to cook, how to pay taxes, or how to do major things in the real world. Sooner or later you will get to the point that you will graduate for high school, get your GED or even drop out, but there will come a time that you will leave your parents’ house, which then you will have to find your own path in the real world. Unless you were taught by your parents or other adults how to balance a check book, how to cook, how to pay taxes, or how to do things in the real world you won’t be an educated person on how to go about life. In life there will be times that you will come to points in life that will you will see how educated you are, or when there is times that you need to speak up or when you need to go ahead and back off from the situation. People are different and learn in many different ways some faster than others and some who remember everything easily or some who forget stuff by the time class is over. Being knowledgeable in one subject and not in the other is that consider too make someone less knowledgeable or less comprehensive than another person. When going through college to earn a degree depending on what we want to major in we aren’t taught certain subjects. When majoring in anything in the medical field you aren’t taught any type of histories because you don’t need to know it. When you want to become a history major you aren’t taught any sciences because you don’t and won’t need them. If someone was to walk up to someone and try and have a conversation with them about a certain subject or ask them for some type of help on a certain subject but the other person isn’t able to have a conversation back because they aren’t taught that subject or haven’t been taught that subject does that make them any less educated than the person asking for help. There will always be some one that is always smarter or believes to be smarter than you, but really how can you tell how smart someone is. Being successful to me is a huge part of being educated. When knowing people who have a good degree and do not do anything with their degree and make bad choices in their life and not care what anyone thinks isn’t a successful and well educated person. When you are living on the streets and have a good degree you could go and find a job even if it means starting at a fast food restaurant and working your way to the top to get a job for what your degree is. It may take time but no reason to just sit around and waste a well-educated mind as society would say. There may be as many definitions as there are defines, but it is important for people to have a clear understand of education in order to be able to define it to other people on what your beliefs are and what it means to be a well-educated person. Lincoln, Abraham. Education Quotes Edgalaxy. Edgalaxy. Techzoo, 2009-2013. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.

History of Autism Identification

History of Autism Identification Natures Smudged Lines When Kanner published his autism paper in 1943, he felt it was premature at that point to propose a set of criteria for diagnosing the condition he described. To make the pattern visible to his peers, he proposed two essential common characteristics shared by all children with this syndrome. The first was a will to self-isolation, present from birth. The second was a fear of change and surprise. These two characteristics became the diagnostic basis known as classic autism, or Kanners syndrome. In 1961, a British psychiatrist named Mildred Creak led a working party that established a nine-point criteria for the diagnosis of autism, based in part on studies of 100 children she herself had collected. The nine points were: Sustained impairment of interpersonal relationships Unawareness of personal identity Preoccupation with particular objects Striving to maintain sameness Acute anxiety produced by change Abnormal perceptual experience (hearing and vision) Failure to develop speech beyond a limited level Distortion of movement Some learning difficulty, but some islets of particular skills or abilities or knowledge These criteria represented the first set of standardized criteria for the diagnosis of autism, which she called schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. They differed significantly from Kanners two-point criteria and were more difficult to apply in practice. *** In the late 1960s, a young British psychiatrist name Lorna Wing set out to help her husband, John, a schizophrenia researcher at the University of London, compile a database of case records in Camberwell to determine if the National Health Service was providing the families of cognitively disabled children with adequate resources. John and Lorna had a daughter Susie, who was diagnosed with autism when she was three years old in 1959. It didnt take long for John and Lorna to figure out that there were almost no resources in place to support the families of children like their daughter. But fortunately they could send Susie to Sybil Elgars school. Sybil Elgar was a school secretary who was taking a correspondence course to become a Montessori teacher. After visiting an institution for severely and emotionally disturbed children in London in 1958, she started teaching classes for a small group of autistic children in the basement of her house in London. Susie Wing became one of her early students. In 1962, a group of parents from the National Autistic Society converted an old railway hostel in Ealing into the Sybil Elgar School using the money they raised. The Beatles visited the school one afternoon, and John Lennon became one of the schools first major donors and attracted other celebrities to the cause. In the late 1960s, when the Medical Research Council (MRC) asked John Wing to examine the prevalence of autism, he put a graduate student named Victor Lotter on the case. They sent out thousands of questionnaires to schoolteachers, training center supervisors, nurses, and parents in Middlesex and screened the entire population of eight- to ten-year-olds. Basing his selection criteria for autism on Creaks Nine Points, Lotter calculated a prevalence estimate of 4.5 cases of autism in 10,000. A closer look at the numbers reveals several problems. They found that several children had been screened out because they didnt fit Kanners criteria. Suspicious of the validity of Kanners criteria, Lorna Wing took a different approach in analyzing the data. Rather than using a top-down method as Lotter had done, she employed a bottom-up approach, searching for aspects of autistic behavior among children in Camberwell who were already identified as cognitively disabled. She and another MRC researcher named Judith Gould reached out to everyone whose job might bring them in contact with a child with special needs. Just as the Middlesex study predicted, they found only a handful of children in Camberwell 4.9 in 10,000 who met Kanners criteria. But Lorna and Judith didnt stop there. As they made their rounds of the neighborhood, they noticed a much larger group of children who had signs of his syndrome, but were not eligible for a diagnosis under his guidelines. While Lorna was trying to make sense of what she was seeing, she came across a paper by Dirk Arn Can Krevelen arguing that Kanners autism and Asperger syndrome were distinct conditions. After John (who can speak German) translated Aspergers paper for her, she realized that Asperger had seen the same thing in Vienna that she was seeing in Camberwell. Lorne began a quiet but determined campaign to expand the concept of autism to include people who had been excluded from Kanners. To replace Kanners unified syndrome, she proposed the term the autistic continuum. While there were clearly many shades and hues along this continuum, all autistic people seemed to benefit from the same highly structured and supportive educational approaches, just as Asperger predicted. It was apparent that a person could occupy one point on the continuum at a given point in their lives and another point later. Some children, like Susie, would remain disabled into middle age and beyond. But others blossomed in unexpected ways when given an accommodating environment and special consideration by their teachers. In 1981, Lorna codified the condition for Asperger syndrome by writing a case series of her own called Aspergers Syndrome: A Clinical Account. Over time, Lorna would lose her taste for the word continuum and adopted the term autism spectrum.

The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some :: English Literature

The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Family Bonding The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Sharing the love with someone gives you peace and allows you to bond together. The two poems "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" and "Four poems for a Child Son" both elaborate on the love, peace and family bonding shared in these poems. "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" was a well written poem with many meanings to it. On his way to Colorado, the narorator enlightens the day for not just his family, but also himself. As he grasps such a wonderful image of joy, he lets his son know, that this shall never end. He hears the sound of a meadowlark, rising high above, through the fresh cut smell of alfalfa. Describing the freshness and purity in the air on such a peaceful day. As the hawk sweeps high above, the sound of thunder brings darkness through this day. The sun is gone, but a sunlight beam breaks through a cloud, shining directly on the green plant. The thunder has stirred up a storm, sending rain to fall to the ground, fertilizing the green plants and alfalfa. The plants and alfalfa feed the meadowlark, mice, molls and other rodents. These essence of life provide the food for the hawk which represents the leader of the pack. Today the Katzina come. The dancing prayers. Many times, the katzina. It shall not end, on, it will not end, his love. The dancing prayers from the katzina truly show that there is a great amount of joy on this day. The mother, father and son hold hands as they enjoy every minute together on such a peaceful day filled with joy and excitement, that shall never end. "Four Poems for a Child Son" is divided into four parts. Part one "What's your Indian Name?" tells the significance of the name you are given when born. Together, deserts, sun, gods and songs complete the full meaning of who you are. Your name tells the stories of the past, who the heroes are and contributes to the strength and bravery that you grow to adapt to. Constructing the Indian headdress, painting it with the earth's most natural resources, talking to it and treating it the way you would treat another person. All of these things allow you to get to know it a lot better, and apply it to you own life all together. The headdress represents who you are and what your Indian name is. The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some :: English Literature The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Family Bonding The power of love, peace, and family bonding are all similar in some type of way. Sharing the love with someone gives you peace and allows you to bond together. The two poems "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" and "Four poems for a Child Son" both elaborate on the love, peace and family bonding shared in these poems. "Earth and Rain, the Plants and Sun" was a well written poem with many meanings to it. On his way to Colorado, the narorator enlightens the day for not just his family, but also himself. As he grasps such a wonderful image of joy, he lets his son know, that this shall never end. He hears the sound of a meadowlark, rising high above, through the fresh cut smell of alfalfa. Describing the freshness and purity in the air on such a peaceful day. As the hawk sweeps high above, the sound of thunder brings darkness through this day. The sun is gone, but a sunlight beam breaks through a cloud, shining directly on the green plant. The thunder has stirred up a storm, sending rain to fall to the ground, fertilizing the green plants and alfalfa. The plants and alfalfa feed the meadowlark, mice, molls and other rodents. These essence of life provide the food for the hawk which represents the leader of the pack. Today the Katzina come. The dancing prayers. Many times, the katzina. It shall not end, on, it will not end, his love. The dancing prayers from the katzina truly show that there is a great amount of joy on this day. The mother, father and son hold hands as they enjoy every minute together on such a peaceful day filled with joy and excitement, that shall never end. "Four Poems for a Child Son" is divided into four parts. Part one "What's your Indian Name?" tells the significance of the name you are given when born. Together, deserts, sun, gods and songs complete the full meaning of who you are. Your name tells the stories of the past, who the heroes are and contributes to the strength and bravery that you grow to adapt to. Constructing the Indian headdress, painting it with the earth's most natural resources, talking to it and treating it the way you would treat another person. All of these things allow you to get to know it a lot better, and apply it to you own life all together. The headdress represents who you are and what your Indian name is.

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essays -- elizabeth bishop poem poetry fi

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With fewer than fifty published poems Elizabeth Bishop is not one of the most prominent poets of our time. She is however well known for her use of imagery and her ability to convey the narrator?s emotions to the reader. In her vividly visual poem 'The Fish', the reader is exposed to a story wherein the use of language not only draws the reader into the story but causes the images to transcend the written work. In the poem, Bishop makes use of numerous literary devices such as similes, adjectives, and descriptive language. All of these devices culminate in the reader experiencing a precise and detailed mental image of the poem's setting and happenings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most prevalent of the literary tools used in this poem is the simile. Repeatedly throughout the poem Bishop uses the simile to give the reader a clearer picture of the situation at hand. The simile is an ideal literary tool to use when the author is trying to convey a sensory description of an object or idea. When describing the fish?s physical appearance in lines 9-15 she compares the fish?s skin to ?ancient wallpaper?; this immediately gives the reader an impression of the age and outward appearance of the fish. Later in the poem when in lines 61-62 she describes the pieces of broken fishing line hanging from the fish?s mouth as ?medals with their ribbons / frayed and wavering? she is using a simile to give the impression of pride and honor. This comes at a point when ...

Fighting Bacterial Growth

Fighting Bacterial Growth The purpose of this lab was to determine the effectiveness of antiseptics, disinfectants, and antibiotics on bacteria. The hypothesis was that if bleach was used, it would be the most effective because bleach is commonly used to clean and disinfect various things. The variables that were tested were antibacterial soap and Scope mouthwash for the antiseptics; bleach and ammonia for the disinfectant; and Cipro, erythromycin, and tetracycline for the antibiotics.All of these chemicals were used on the bacteria M. luteus. Two Petri dishes were covered in the bacteria and split into four quadrants, in which each had a disc containing one of the chemicals stated above. One quadrant was left alone with no chemicals for the control group. The dishes were then left for the bacteria to grow, and once obtained again it was obvious that some of the bacteria was killed by the chemicals.In individual data, there was a zone of inhibition of 3mm in the antibacterial soap; 1 0mm in the Scope mouthwash; 2mm in the bleach; no zone of inhibition around the ammonia; 10mm in both the erythromycin and the tetracycline, and 15mm for the Cipro. The average length of the halo of inhibition in antiseptics was 8 mm in the E. coli, and 6 mm in the M. luteus. The average length of the halo of inhibition in the disinfectants was 12mm and 11mm respectively. For the antibiotics, it was 7mm and 9mm respectively.The data represented the hypothesis because for both the E. coli and the M. luteus, the largest zone of inhibition was in the disinfectant; and more specifically, the averages were 28mm in the E. coli and 18mm in the M. luteus in the bleach. In some Petri dishes, the bleach also killed bacteria in the other quadrants, indicating that it killed a lot of bacteria. This also affected some measurements for the other chemicals, because the zone of inhibition for the other chemicals around the bleach could have been caused by the bleach instead of the other chemical.An other error was that since these Petri dishes were left out for 2 days, there was re-growth in the bacteria in and around the zones of inhibition, like the ammonia in the individual data. In the lab, the chemicals were tested on bacteria to see how much of the bacteria will get killed. What kind of items then would create the most bacterial growth? If bleach was used on different kinds of bacteria, which kinds of bacteria would be most affected by the bleach, and which bacteria will be the least affected by the bleach?

Rethinking the City of Marseille Through Its Control, Occupation and Separation

Rethinking the metropolis of Marseille through itscontrol, businessandseparation Abstraction With the urban development, there are more and more physical boundaries built in metropoliss dividing urban infinites, like transit substructure: railroad and main road. these building became more seeable but less accessible for walkers. Although they are of import to maintain the metropolis operating good, they created an enclosed ambiance within the metropolis to its exterior infinite. On the other manus, boundaries besides formed by the legal boundary lines or parts, states or states are used to specify borders, separate two entities, and interrupt flows such as human migrations and ecosystems. Natural and unreal boundaries exist and will go on to make so in one manner or another. Is it possible to rethink what a boundary is, and what its possible in citations can be, and if we even need them or non? Urban development has acquired sufficient substructure to back up metropoliss, but additive substructure was ever treated as an accoutrement to metropoliss without serious consideration and ordinance of urban and spacial issues. These substructures cut the urban cloth and circulation of walkers. But they provided indispensable maps of construction to the metropolis and at the same clip individuality for people acknowledging urban infinites. The most interesting facet is that they are elements with the map of transporting and connecting, but produce division in urban forms. The thought of Boundary and Border are multidimensional elements in urban infinite – from the national graduated table like national boundary line barrier to the urban graduated table like airdrome and haven. But they are normally used in a negative meaning, because they frequently promote being linked to international places like marginalisation and exclusion and being formed as a barrier or a fencing. With this issue, my undertaking is about detecting the boundary/border status between Marseille and its haven, these boundaries non merely formed a backwoods between metropolis and haven but besides possessed more complicated effects to the metropolis. Furthermore, giving a definition of boundary and boundary line in their map and demo the chief issue with port of Marseille– the paradox of its multi-meanings of separation, connexion and control. Through different positions from immigrants, tourers and local people in Marseille, utilizing the construct of ( The Urban Lobby ) to cover with the issue of boundary and boundary line, and reconnect metropolis of Marseille and its haven. Introduction In the urban design, it ‘s about doing connexions with infinites and people, urban cloth and edifices, policy determination and building. We try to look into thoughts and theories from urban phenomena, and better the reinforced signifier of metropolis and colony to do our metropolis working more efficaciously. Human colonies, from small town to cities are mussy. Many complicated and complex spacial composing procedure like national boundary line, regional scenes and substructure built based on the human behaviour, political relations, economic forces, capitalisation and globalisation. Therefore, analyzing the significances of complexness and individuality of these building is more of import in this essay. In the instance of the Mediterranean context, the phenomenon of planetary and regional touristry and conveyance web and the building of national/regional individualities prostration within the leftover of infinites perceivably. Issues such as the regional hostility, division of national boundary line, geopolitical domination and eventually political orientation and competition in a planetary graduated table get a paradigmatic value in the context of the Mediterranean district. Most significantly, the cultural and political history of the Mediterranean necessitates a treatment that expands into a complex urban affair, so a spacial stuff that should be studied. And the merchandises of the political relations and economic system of metropolis should hold to be evaluated as elements of the complex mechanisms that formulate our metropoliss in spacial and temporal footings. Furthermore, to travel beyond it in an operative manner. Aiming to re-think the elements that regulate infinites on t he district and to step in within their organisational forms. Further, with the national provinces all around the universe are progressively unable to modulate transit of population and goods, and it can be seen that everything has become de-centered and de-territorialized in term of graduated table. Marseille, France, shows itself as a specific site of complexness research in the Mediterranean. From the position of location, economic system and societal position of Marseille. Throughout its history and territorial scene, the metropolis of Marseille expended with development of its seaport. The old port of Marseille farther formed a high denseness of metropolis centre. Furthermore, the development of economical and physical dealingss have modify the form of the port, besides the form of the metropolis. Since Marseille is located as a intersection in the Mediterranean. Its port ever treated as a gateway of pass throughing people and goods. Up to now, the port of Marseille is still one of major commercial ports in the Mediterranean for lading and riders and besides has a really important place in the universe planetary exchange. At the Social degree, couple to its location in the Mediterranean, Marseille has a really complex societal web, pulling many immigrants and made Marseille to be a widely distributed thaw pot, unlike other major Gallic metropoliss like Paris or Lyon. On the terminal of the eighteenth century about half of its population originated from elsewhere in Provence largely. And in 1960s, there was a reaching of big Numberss of people from Algeria. Many immigrants have settled and provided the metropolis of Marseille a French-African with a big market. The metropolis served as an entryway port for over a million immigrants to France. Chapter 1: thephenomenonof migration in Marseille As the largest haven of France, Marseille has ever seen as a runing pot of civilization and people. Its location makes it became a gateway to the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. Throughout its history the metropolis of Marseille has aggregated consecutive flows of immigrants from Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey and North Africa in 18 centuries to 19 centuries. This place of in-migration in France has been profoundly influenced by the policy of colonialism of old centuries and the tradition of using foreign labour for the procedure of industrialisation. Besides, in 1962, when the Algerian war ended, there were approximately about 150,000 people moved to Marseille. Through the sixtiess and 1970s, gauging the figure of Muslim of North Africans immigrated to Marseille at approximately two million. After the economic crisis in early 1970s, France stopped all the policy of employment for foreign labour. However, this tactics did n't diminish in in-migration. On the contrary, many original immigrants tried to settle in France and brought their households to fall in them. Therefore, reunion of family has become another most important step and issue of in-migration. Because of its topography, the whole metropolis of Marseille enclosed by the haven and mountains. Marseille did n't hold adequate infinites to construct a â€Å" banlieue † which is a suburb of a big metropolis with several independent administrative territories like Paris. Thus, many races in Marseille were forced to garner in the same country with cultural and societal struggles. Put otherwise, Marseille is a metropolis which garnering multi-cultures but discord with each race with societal and cultural tensenesss. Because Marseille is deficiency of appropriate ordinances on immigrants, the metropolis is now confronting with the serious economic and societal jobs of immigrant population that suffers from progressively high rate of unemployment and offense. Therefore, the manner of immigrants traveling to Marseille, the system of boundary line control and the manner of how immigrants integrate into Marseille will go pressing issues in the hereafter. Boundary and boundary line in Marseille Furthermore, the metropolis of Marseille had a really close relationship with ocean. With the development of haven, many substructure particularly transit system established to back up metropolis of Marseille, but this passage caused the metropolis bit by bit divided into several parts with different urban forms and maps. The port of Marseille is located near the centre of metropolis as a topographic point closed to the dehumanising atmosphere.One of the great troubles of the terrain are railway nearby the haven and in the raised part of highway.They are perceived by walkers as a boundary line, a barrier to the sea. The whole boundary country amplified by multiple walls, fencings, and the coastline isolated by port installations and international zone of ferries. These physical constructions were elements with double map of connexion and separation, even being linked to sociological and international place like marginalisation and exclusion and being built as a barrier or wall to cur tail and command specific infinites. Statement of Boundary and boundary line Boundary and boundary line are multidimensional elements in urban infinite – from the national graduated table like national boundary line barrier to the urban graduated table like airdrome and haven. One of definition of ‘boundary and border’ is about â€Å" The boundaries define a infinite of containers and topographic points ( the traditional sphere of architecture ) , while the webs established a infinite of links and flows. Walls, fencings and teguments divide waies, pipes and wire connexions. â€Å" ( William J. Mitchell ) . On the other manus, it can be look that the boundary lines are produced by human existences to procure or command urban infinites. As a unreal merchandise they are modifiable and shapeable procedures and non a general motionless construction or stuff. Ante goes farther to explicate that a fringy infinite with hapless or no colony that divides two countries from each other. This transitional infinite is reduced to a line on the map or a reinforced fencing. ( Ante,1995:432 ) Morphologically, physical and additive boundary like railroad and highway take the directional map in the metropolis and are related to lines for the countries they are spliting and linking. Kevin Lynch argues in â€Å"The Image of the City† ( Lynch,2007:78-80 ) that boundary and boundary line are one of the important stuffs of the metropolis for its whole operation. Although the map of boundary is a really important one for the position of the metropolis, I found out that boundaries ca n't be simplified to morphological lines in the urban planning. Furthermore, these physical linear boundaries have their ain characteristics formed by spacial, institutional and legal significances, and besides by societal, economic or political change, that continually separate the urban infinite once more. Therefore the purpose of this essay is three-folds. First, discoursing the types of boundary and boundary line such as additive substructure and inte rnational boundary line and analyzing the impacts of different formation of boundary in three instances: 1. physical boundary in Taipei 2. political boundary – Berlin wall 3. national boundary line between U.S and Mexico. Second, discoursing how do modern-day designers trade with the issue of boundary. Third, I will claim my place about undertaking with urban boundaries – film overing boundaries with a precise design attack – â€Å" The urban anteroom † . And so this thought will be directed against to cover with the boundaries between metropolis of Marseille and its haven. Chapter 2: definitionof physical boundaries definition I –formed byadditive substructure Linear substructure is the economic system ‘s blood supply. Roads, main road, railroad move and connect people and goods in metropoliss ; public-service corporations bring in indispensable services and take waste. But these practical linear constructions formed in uninterrupted which built on the surface of land or over-ground formed the physical boundaries visually, even commanding motion and separating activities and urban form of the metropolis. From the position of Kevin Lynch, â€Å" Edges are the additive elements non used or considered as waies by the perceiver, they are the boundaries between two stages, additive interruptions in continuity: shores, railway cuts, borders of development, walls. † ( Lynch,2007:47 ) . Although these boundaries likely non every bit opinion as waies and may be barriers with less penetrable to traverse motion, are of import for many people to added look to urban forms, moving as the surface and specifying the mass of infinites. The add itive substructure non merely created physical barriers on the land but besides affected the feeling of the metropolis with the overhead substructure. Additionally, they decreased land values like dividing the continuity of urban activities and blocks, and diminishing qualities of urban environment environing these constructions. This phenomenon made more accessary infinites like industrial mills / recycling mills / parking infinites garnering at environing of additive construction. instance I –physical boundaries in Taipei definition II –formed byterritorial/national boundary line Throughout the 20th century, The International Law define that â€Å" Boundaries of district or state are the fanciful lines on the surface of the Earth which separate the district of one province from that of another, or from unappropriated district, or from the unfastened sea. † ( Oppenheim. L, 1905. p253 ) . However these lines are non merely fanciful, people built the practical building of system or wall as a natural and sensible act of defence, limitation and security control from state to state – control of boundary line barrier and from metropolis to metropolis – airdrome and haven, which besides divided one country from that of another by national political relations or private proprietors. â€Å" Authority produces infinite through. . .cutting it up, distinguishing between packages of infinite, the usage and maltreatment of boundary lines and markers, the production of graduated tables ( from the organic structure, through the part and the state, to the Earth ) , the control of motion within and across different sorts of boundaries. † ( Pile, S. 1997. p3 ) . Although people built the boundaries ( boundary lines ) of the metropolis for defence and domination, sometimes merely was a symbolic one, these physical boundaries ( boundary lines ) sometimes were being expensive to keep, inefficient and be corrupted by administrative official. But physically, socially, politically, these boundaries ( boundary lines ) undeniably built a protected manner of crowned head rights and public security. Therefore, with the development of globalisation and flows of in-migration, the boundaries ( boundary lines ) seem to be redefined as new chance for productive public infinite. instance II –national boundary line between U.S and Mexico In the undermentioned portion of the essay I will give an illustration of the national boundary line as a multidimensional codification. It is based on the research between U.S and Mexico boundary line barrier. â€Å" The U.S – Mexico boundary line barrier appears typical in intent, map, and building among the many walls being built around the universe, spliting the Global North from the Global South and aimed chiefly at northbound flows of illegal drugs and immigrants. â€Å" ( Brown, W. 2010. p35. ) Furthermore, harmonizing to figures provided by The International Boundary, the length of boundary line is about 3,145km, cutting across a assortment of terrains, runing from the urban countries to abandon environment. But it is the most often crossed international boundary line in the universe, with about 3.5 million people of legal crossings yearly. The boundary line is a imposingly big and expensive construction with sixty-foot-high steel and concrete barrier as a significant fencing, composition of cameras, detectors, watchtowers and other sensing engineerings to keep the boundary line ‘s map. However, under this state of affairs, there were still about 0.5 million illegal i mmigrants from Mexico escaped the boundary line barrier into United States per twelvemonth. ( Government Accountability Office. 2006. p42. ) Besides, since 1990s, there were more than 150 secret resistance tunnels have been found along the boundary line between U.S and Mexico. The papers shows that runners and felons continuously transit the illegal drugs and immigrants into United States despite U.S imposts maintain reenforcing the system and building of boundary line barrier in recent old ages. ( Lichtenwald, T. and Perri, F.S. 2011. ) Furthermore, the cost of keeping and set uping fencing security was surprisingly increase to $ 60 billion over 25 old ages, this cost excludes the funded labour and wage to private-property proprietors. ( Brown, W. 2010. p37. ) The boundary line controlseemingly decreases illegal crossings efficaciously, nevertheless, this intensification of building compound the jobs about more original illegal migrators seeking to settle in the United States for good, and besides increased the cost of one-direction illegal migration to in the United States. In the other words, the boundary line is a conflicting issue on the security and economic, the state wo n't open boundary lines for free flows of labour, goods and services from another without security. But on the other manus, both the status of state are ever unequal, people in hapless status still desire to travel to the better 1. Furthermore, many employers besides tend to engage illegal labour from the other side with lower payments. These grounds caused the tendency of illegal migration will be continued despite of the reinforce of boundary line control. Therefore, it seems that we ca n't merely handle the boundary line as one simple building of control or a gate for immigrating and emigrating, but besides handle it as a ephemeral infinite or zone that has more chances to rethink the issue of migration and the phenomenon of segregation in metropoliss. Chapter 3: instance survey of covering with boundaries Case study –Rem Koolhaas Exodus, The Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture. Chapter 4: Position: unfastened boundaries –The urban anteroom The map of south haven of Marseille is about transporting immigrants, goods and wheeled ladings, and having tourers from other states. In order to guaranting the safety of state and people, the port built a series of complex fencings for security control. This boundary line formed by the economic, societal and political division. Unlike a additive boundary line edifice on the district, the port of Marseille seems like a infinite of control near the boundary line – border district, busying one side of the metropolis to its coastline. Besides, the system of usage control in haven seems like unwelcome and unfriendly for tourers and immigrants. It ‘s easy to accomplish the control of in-migration by rigorous legal ordinance. However, how do we cover with the spacial issue about immigrants in Marseille? I proposed to open the boundaries with the thought of the urban anteroom, which is cited from the map of airdromes ‘ anteroom. This battle non merely open up the chances for new signifiers of communicating and public infinites, but besides animating a series of intermediate infinite like independent parts between the metropolis of Marseille and its haven, which offer immigrants the better chances to settle, work and adapt with other races and local civilization. Decision– Mentions – Ante, U. ( 1995 ) .Grenze, in: Handworterbuch Der Raumordnung.pp. 432–436. Aureli, V.P. ( 2010 ) .The Possibility of an Absolute Architecture. Brown, W. ( 2010 ) .Walled provinces, declining sovereignty.pp. 35–42. Graham,S. and Simon, M. ( 2001 ) .Seceding urbanism: networked substructures, technological mobilities and the urban status. Lynch, K. ( 2007 ) .The Image of the City.pp. 78-80Mezzadra, S and Neilson, B. ( 2008 )Border as Method.Weizman, E. ( 2007 )Hollow Land.Sorkin, M. ( 2005 )Against The Wall: Israel ‘s Barrier to Peace.