Dissertation2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Dissertation2 - Essay Example A similar pattern of social influence was also reported by those who were identified as in-group members and as protà ©gà ©s. In-group members and mentored individuals reported greater use of expert and referent power than out-group members and non-mentored people. Further, out-group members and non-mentored individuals both reported a greater use of coercive power than did in-group members and protà ©gà ©s. Research interest in mentor/protà ©gà © relationships developed during the 1980s. It arose largely without articulated conceptual links to other topics in social/organizational psychology such as leadership, social influence, pro-social behavior, or social exchange. The first studies of this developmental relationship were descriptive and exploratory, such as Krams early research (2003) which identified two functions that mentors provide their protà ©gà ©s: career and psychosocial. More recent research (Noe, 1998a, 458) has examined the process and outcome of formal assigned mentor-protà ©gà © pairings and, in particular, the difference in outcomes between formal and naturally developing informal mentoring relationships (Chao, Walz, & Gardner, 2002, 619). Noe (1998b, 68) reviewed work on mentoring as it pertains to womens career development. He recommended clarifying the nature of the mentoring construct, suggesting several research questions about the development and effectiveness of these relationships. Noe also stated that "the use of leader-member exchange theory may further understanding of the dynamics involved in the formation of mentorships" (p. 73). Consistent with Noes recommendations, the present study was designed to investigate the convergence of mentoring relationships with another construct in social/organizational psychology: high-quality leader-member exchange (LMX). To explore the convergence of LMX and mentoring, we propose that

Risk Management Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk Management Overview - Essay Example Risk Management is a systematic process of managing risk exposures. Risk and uncertainties affect business and investment in a number of ways. There are two possible outcomes for the risks- may be gains or loss (Merna and Al-Thani, 2008, p. 4). Fig-1 gives background information about these two possible outcomes of risks. Risk management considers not only the threats but also the opportunities that are possible gains out of risks. Risk can be taken positively or negatively. Perceiving it in positive way will be an approach to manage it and if that it is done effectively, risk can be utilized. If it is ignored and no management activities are performed, it will bring loss instead of gains. An organization can be said to have good organization wide risk management system if its risk management activities are starting from the very starting point of the projects, if risk management is integrated with other managerial function and finally if all stakeholders are actively involved in the risk management processes (Cooper, Grey, and Raymond, 2005, p. 15). According to Culp (2001), risk management is an organizational process that is separated in to five general activities that are 1) identifying the risks and determine the tolerance, 2) measure risks, 3) monitor and report risks, 4) control risks, and 5) oversee, audit, tune and re-align the risk management process (p. 210). This is depicted in the figure- 2. Risk management process comprises of set of actions taken by individuals or firms as an endeavor to alter the risks arising from their business. Each stages like identification an control are ultimately a forward-looking process as the main target is to manage risks and thus to achieve overall business success. Risk management and its functional areas may deal with both insurable and non-insurable risks like risk due to bad management or risk due to fashion change etc. According to Merna and Al-Thani

Critical Evaluation and Application for the Anaesthesia and Post Anaes Assignment

Critical Evaluation and Application for the Anaesthesia and Post Anaesthesia Practice - Assignment Example The search was limited to the article that was published within the last five years in order to obtain the latest study that has been done on anesthesia practices. Moreover, the research settled on articles that were published in English because the language is easy and convenient to understand. From 102 articles, 6 articles were analyzed in relation to the study of anesthesia (Halligan 2003, p. 671) Additionally, the literature reviews help in determining how these two clinical instruments may influence the performance of all the involved experts, particularly anesthetist among other clinical technicians. The framework by Moule et al. (2003, p. 201) for critical appraisal of the article will be used to follow logical guidance process towards critical review (Appendix3). The paper is completed by analyzing the Kauffman et al (2013, p. 302) study on pediatric anesthesia (Appendix 2). The research also reviews other secondary data with the intention of understanding other author’s ideas on pediatric anesthesia. The study population selected for this study consisted of 100 pediatric patients who were less than seven years of age. These children were to undergo elective surgery with endotracheal intubation (Rose 2009, p. 665). The study excluded patients having the previous history of mask ventilation or intubation since these sets of patients are usually exposed to anesthesia medical practices. Other exclusion criteria included a Cormack and Lehane grade of >2 during the direct laryngoscopy DL with the main aim of determining equality of visualization, particularly of the larynx. Similarly, patients who had higher risk classification more than ASA II were also excluded from the research (Divatia and Bhowmick, 2005, p. 315). Therefore, the study requires the application of the technique on pediatric and infant cases which show difficulty in intubation, or that show deviance from  normal laryngeal anatomy (Divatia and Bhowmick, 2005, p. 89). Visualization in such cases is crucial, and methodology suggested in this study can be of extreme benefit in clinical practice.  

Chapter exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter exercise - Essay Example While deceit is considered as occurring via commission, omission also counts, whereby not all the relevant facts are presented. It is essential to develop relationships with people who adhere to the moral conduct code; people of integrity. People who do not honour early commitments will most likely disappoint you in the future. An organization’s code of ethics refers to the ACM code of ethics in this paper, which consists of 24 principles. Examples include principle 1.5, which requires one to honour intellectual property rights and principle 1.7 that implies that invasion of privacy by sharing information about other people on social media is wrong. Cyber bullying, as it is referred to, means the posting of information on social media with intent to hurt someone. Additionally, those who post information on social networks run the risk of identity theft. An example of identity theft involves theft of one’s social security number and accessing credit card accounts. Selecting a new e-mail address or changing email providers after a hack is often discouraged by switching costs, which is incurred by moving from one product to another. This is especially so given that most of your friends already know your address and this would mean starting all over. While switching costs may sometimes be low, for example, for those that used Netscape as their earlier browser, some are also perceived. Hackers will usually attempt to make their signatures look authentic, for example, by attaching a copyright symbol into their signature. Copyright should be taken seriously since breaking these laws is a serious offence. Even if, the information is free, the user cannot sell this information. Plagiarism is another concept that is considered as an offence and breach of ethics. With so many sellers and buyers on the internet, it is important to take security measures. People stealing personal information and credit cards then sell the information to on-line auction buyers

Multinationals Act More Ethically as They Are More Successful Dissertation

Multinationals Act More Ethically as They Are More Successful - Dissertation Example The Body Shop 14 Ben & Jerry's 14 Multinational companies that are more ethical after facing 15 the repercussions of unethical behaviour Nike 15 McDonald's 16 Research on ethical trading and customers 16 The Institute of Business Ethics 17 Research on Coffee Labelling 17 Summary of findings 18 Conclusion 18 Introduction In today's ever changing business arena, there is still one constant force that drives multinational companies - profits. No matter the nature of the business, most companies still seek to maximise shareholder value as this tangible financial measure epitomizes corporate success. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, there has also been a noticeable shift in business priorities as multinational companies recognise that fulfilling shareholder value may not be sufficient to acquire the results they need. Henry Ford once said that, "business must be run at a profit, else it will die. But when everyone tries to run a business solely for profit then also the business must die, for it no longer has a reason for existence." (Roddick, 2000, p. 23) This essay examines the role ethics plays in multinational businesses and the intricate link between ethics and profits. To do this, the definitions of shareholder and stakeholder values are scrutinized in order to understand the motives behind companies acting ethically. Here, shareholders are characterized as financial investors and stakeholders are individuals or bodies of people like employees, customers, partners, and pressures groups who have emotional and long-term ties to a company. Delving further into the issue of stakeholder influence on ethics and profits in... In order to reinforce the essay's arguments, successful companies like The Body Shop and Ben & Jerry's whose competitive advantage is cemented in ethical trading from day one are contrasted with business leaders like Nike and McDonald's who have jumped on the social responsibility band wagon after suffering the repercussions of unethical behaviour. To further understand company motivation for ethical business, research and studies on the consumer's point of view are also examined. Shareholder vs. Stakeholder Before the 1990s, business success was dictated solely in financial terms. Shareholders are normally financial investors rather than individuals with emotional and long-term personal ties to a company. In short, they are profit-driven. Today, the advent of social messages tied to company mission statements prove that besides shareholders, there are stakeholders that are not interested in the financial side of businesses, but who are just as crucial in the development of almost all aspects of a business. In Appendix F, Price Waterhouse Coopers (2006) believes that in order to protect a company's reputation, there are five stakeholder groups, including shareholders (capital), employees (manpower), customers (revenue), partners (suppliers), and pressure groups (a license to operate) that need close attention. The following section examines each stakeholder group and the value they provide in addition to exploring the impact each group has on shareholder value (which provide tangible financial assets).

Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Essay

Gandhi's Views on Nonviolence VS Martin Luther King's Views on Nonviolence - Essay Example While Martin Luther King considers nonviolence as the fundamental code of life in all situations irrespective of the complexity of the circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi believed in a balance between violence and nonviolence to attain a holistic control over both the external and the internal factors influencing one’s life. This paper draws a comparison between the views of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi regarding nonviolence. Martin Luther King thought of the society as one unit in which if one is affected by the violence in some way, its consequences are borne by all people in the society indirectly. Therefore, the first and the foremost responsibility of every citizen is to feel this sense of belongingness and concernedness when somebody experiences violence. Martin Luther King believed that a nonviolent campaign basically consists of four steps; determination of the existence of injustice by collection of facts, dialogue, self-purification, and lastly, the direct action. None of these steps imparts the need for one to be violent in one’s attempt to eradicate violence from the society and spread peace. Even the â€Å"direct action† which apparently seems to be a little rough approach towards the resolution of the matter is not-so-rough in the real sense, as it is also nonviolent. Examples of the nonviolent direct action are marches and sit-ins. The only purpose of these nonviolent direct actions is to convince the other party to conduct dialogue and negotiations with the concerned party to ease the tension. While negotiation is a fairly effective way of reducing tension between two or more parties, the results are not always very objective and solid because of the non-seriousness of some people in the concerned groups. Unlike Martin Luther King, Gandhi has considered violence not only a useful but also compulsory way of attaining control over the external factors. â€Å"Violence is needed for the protection of things external,

Chapter exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter exercise - Essay Example While deceit is considered as occurring via commission, omission also counts, whereby not all the relevant facts are presented. It is essential to develop relationships with people who adhere to the moral conduct code; people of integrity. People who do not honour early commitments will most likely disappoint you in the future. An organization’s code of ethics refers to the ACM code of ethics in this paper, which consists of 24 principles. Examples include principle 1.5, which requires one to honour intellectual property rights and principle 1.7 that implies that invasion of privacy by sharing information about other people on social media is wrong. Cyber bullying, as it is referred to, means the posting of information on social media with intent to hurt someone. Additionally, those who post information on social networks run the risk of identity theft. An example of identity theft involves theft of one’s social security number and accessing credit card accounts. Selecting a new e-mail address or changing email providers after a hack is often discouraged by switching costs, which is incurred by moving from one product to another. This is especially so given that most of your friends already know your address and this would mean starting all over. While switching costs may sometimes be low, for example, for those that used Netscape as their earlier browser, some are also perceived. Hackers will usually attempt to make their signatures look authentic, for example, by attaching a copyright symbol into their signature. Copyright should be taken seriously since breaking these laws is a serious offence. Even if, the information is free, the user cannot sell this information. Plagiarism is another concept that is considered as an offence and breach of ethics. With so many sellers and buyers on the internet, it is important to take security measures. People stealing personal information and credit cards then sell the information to on-line auction buyers