John Williams essays

John Williams expositions To consider ageless music, music that has made due for twenty, thirty, even several years; one really want to consider Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. In any case, that leaves an inquiry in the brain, What has happened to traditional music and where is it going. Prior this century where Stravinsky, Sousa, Gershwin right to Bernstein who kicked the bucket in 1990. Deplorably today, one may consider Yanni or John Tesh as writers; in any case, numerous pundits concur that new age music won't stand the trial of time. Just a particular kind of writer these days can arrive at the popularity and acknowledgment that authors of the past have delighted in, and that is scorers. The top echelon of these writers incorporates any semblance of Hans Zimmer, Steven Schwartz, Jerry Goldsmith, and even Elton John. The most well known and effective arrangers this century have given the open remarkable songs to exceptional films and TV appears. As was said in the third scene of Dawsons Creek, Dawson, sentiment doesnt consistently accompany a John Williams score. Definitely, the best of these scorer slice writers is John Towner Williams. John Williams was conceived in 1932 in New York to Johnny and Ester Williams. His dad was a fruitful jazz drummer who had worked for CBS and NBC. In 1948, he moved to Los Angeles and graduated High School in 1950 in the wake of performing and forming for the school band. Just a year later at UCLA, he created a piano sonata that was quite fruitful for a multi year old. In 1952, John was drafted and afterward released in 1954 when he went to learn at the Julliard School of Music making a decent living as a jazz piano player. Afterward, he snared with Alfred Newman at Twentieth Century Fox and started a relentless influx of structures, scores, and grants. In the sixties, John composed topics and scores for TV including: Lost in Space, Bob Hope Chrysler Theater, Land of the Gia ... <!

Isolation and the Sublime in Rousseau and Wordsworth - Literature Essay Samples

In their article entitled â€Å"Me,† Andrew Bennett and Nicholas Royale assert that â€Å"Literature, like art more generally, has always been concerned with aspects of what can be called the†¦ ‘not me’ or other,† (Bennett 129-130). Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his Confessions and William Wordsworth in his The Two-Part Prelude expound upon this issue of isolation from humanity as it relates to achieving a more natural state of existence. Although both Rousseau and Wordsworth analyze moments of isolation from what can be considered social normalcy, each author approaches this seclusion differently in his attempt to better embody natural man. Wordsworth seems to focus primarily on the internal, socially independent dynamics of his psyche, while Rousseau seeks a more natural state of being through analyzing his interactions with others. Rousseau, through the disarmingly candid tone of this work, conveys an exclusively mental isolation, while Wordsworth employ s a more veiled and metaphorical strategy to succeed in achieving a simultaneously mental and physical withdrawal from modern convention. Ultimately, the constant influence of society in Rousseau’s Confessions impedes his ability to achieve an effective return to Nature, while Wordsworth’s ability to fully isolate himself from modern influences leads to a more complete progression toward the natural state of man.Even within the first few lines of Wordsworth’s work, it is evident that the author places a higher value on the clarity of thought found in Nature than the complications of human experience. He asserts that a stream near his birthplace possesses the capabilities of â€Å"†¦tempering/ Our human waywardness,† and that it, â€Å"composed [his] thoughts/ To more than infant softness, giving [him]/ Among the fretful dwellings of mankind/ A knowledge, a dim earnest, of the calm/ Which Nature breathes among the fields and groves?† (Wordswort h ln 9-15). The quotation seems to refer to Nature as a balancing force in human existence that causes mortal trivialities to become less significant. He also can be said to heavily reproach his societal surroundings through contrasting his pure, calm communication with Nature to the turbulent complications of interacting with humanity. Through his criticism of and voluntary extraction from humanity, Wordsworth is able to achieve a pre-infantile state of mind that not only allows him to transcend the most simplistic human thought, but actually results in a minimalist thought process previously unachieved by man. This concept is further exemplified through his personification of Nature in following lines. In claiming that Nature breathes knowledge and calm into the setting described, Wordsworth implies that Nature is an entity or being to interact with and that, because he is able to comprehend its message, he has further progressed to becoming natural man. Due to the fact that Words worth has been able to grasp this unique form of innate knowledge, he has isolated himself from the worldly distractions of mankind enough to profoundly communicate with Nature. The author further recognizes his early embracing of Nature as he asks, â€Å"Was it for this that I, a four years’ child,/ A naked boy, among thy silent pools,/ Made one long bathing of a summer’s day†¦?† (Wordsworth ln 17-19). Adding to the sentiments of the previous quotation, Wordsworth further acknowledges his innocence through detailing his nakedness, but also focuses upon the solitude he consistently finds in Nature through his describing the pools as silent. Wordsworth seems to seek out this independence from human interaction solely for the purpose of being able to communicate more fully with Nature, even prior to his being able to make a conscious effort to do so. Contrary to Wordsworth’s genuine appreciation for Nature early in The Two-Part Prelude, Rousseau is cha llenged by defining the significance of the emotions he experiences from a young age. Within the first few pages of Confessions, Rousseau recalls: â€Å"I had feelings before I had thoughts: that is the common lot of humanity†¦I have no idea what I did before the age of five or six†¦I had as yet no ideas about things, but already I knew every feeling. I had conceived nothing; I had felt everything,† (Rousseau 8). It is evident at this point in Rousseau’s work that, unlike Wordsworth, the author considers himself like the remainder of humanity in terms of his mental capacity. Whereas Wordsworth describes himself as being in touch with nature at the age of four, Rousseau claims that he has no recollection of any such experience at such a young age. Although Rousseau’s ability to maintain an emotional connection with his surroundings is vaguely perceived at this point, he concentrates more heavily upon furthering his personal relationships rather than exp loring this intuitive bond with Nature in greater depth. Rousseau goes on to describe himself as â€Å"†¦by birth a citizen of the republic and the son of a father whose love for his country was his greatest passion,† and that he was â€Å"†¦fired by his example,† (Rousseau 8). At this point in the work, the author feels himself to be a part of a purely societal entity. He defines himself from his birth in terms of nationality and familial ties which, consequently, results in his devoting his young life to the emulation of his father. The social focus of Rousseau’s early memories firmly juxtaposes that of Wordsworth in that the latter is already realizing the more profound benefit which results from this otherworldly connection with the natural. Rousseau, then, seems to begin his Confessions as less mentally transcendent than Wordsworth in that the social manner in which he defines himself clouds his ability to achieve the seclusion from humanity that proves necessary to return to a state of Nature. As Wordsworth continues to progress through the first part of his work, he furthers his description of isolation from humankind in terms of both a unique connection to nature as well as a voluntary rejection of social pleasures. In detailing this profound attachment Nature, he states Not seldom from the uproar I retired/ Into a silent bay, or sportively/ Glanced sideway, leaving the tumultuous throng,/ To cut across the shadow of a star/ That gleamed upon the ice/†¦and I stood and watched/ Till all was tranquil as a summer sea. (Wordsworthln 170-184)This passage, apart from displaying Wordsworth’s desertion of what he considers to be the intrusive, crazed atmosphere of social life, also exemplifies the lack of resentment or loneliness he experiences as a result of this seclusion. Through the use of the word â€Å"sportively,† Wordsworth conveys that, although he does cast a fleeting glance upon the social interactio n he is leaving behind, he does so more for the purpose of jest than true interest. He seems to give only slight acknowledgment to the actions of the remainder of humanity and rather prefers to concern himself with the sublime experience of observing how elements of nature interact with one another. Instead of lingering in a situation he considers purely chaotic, Wordsworth retreats to a safe distance within the company of the surroundings that he seems better able to interpret, observing the interactions of humanity until they resemble a condition of Nature: the tranquility of a summer sea. At this point in the poem, it seems that Wordsworth has achieved so complete a mental and physical separation from humanity that he must define the actions of others in terms of natural phenomena. Unlike Wordsworth’s successful retreat from humanity depicted in his poem, Rousseau’s work seems to progress no further than a contemplation of the potential consequences of completely ab andoning social constraints. Despite the fact that Rousseau views a return to Nature to be crucial to his existence, he cannot separate his personal aspirations from the judgments of others. In a crucial moment of mental isolation and realization of his difference from those with whom he interacts, Rousseau claims: I could envisage nothing grander and finer than to be free and virtuous, above the reach of fortune and the good or bad opinion of men†¦Although a sense of false shame and a fear of ridicule at first prevented me from living in accordance with these principles†¦I was from that moment on resolved on my course of action, and I only delayed putting it into practice for as long as was needed for various contraries to oppose it and thus to ensure its triumph. (Rousseau 346-347)Although it is evident in this passage that Rousseau seeks a connection to nature that is exclusive from the pressures of public opinion, his mental state is still somewhat linked to so cial obligation. In fact, he explicitly states that his reason for delaying this conversion to his newfound natural perspective is that he deems it important for it first to be opposed by others. Due to the fact that Rousseau continues to consider attention from others to be of greater importance than his seeking a return to Nature, it is evident that the lack of isolation from humanity impedes his progression toward the natural state he seeks to achieve. Rousseau’s perspective differs from Wordsworth in that the latter is able to accept and embrace the fact that humanity is progressing without him, while Rousseau is only able to vaguely glimpse the benefit of a natural state without succeeding in leaving his former existence behind. Not only does Wordsworth have no fear of the ridicule that could follow his intentional estrangement from social interaction, but he goes so far as to playfully acknowledge his isolation. Rousseau, however, views this same prospect as terrifying and debilitating. Though Confessions continues to focus on Rousseau’s difficulty with disregarding the opinions of others, the author later attempts simultaneous physical and mental isolation by settling on ÃŽle de Saint-Pierre. Upon his arrival, Rousseau declares that he â€Å"†¦should like to have been so confined on [his] island that [he] need have no further commerce with mortals, and [he] certainly took every measure imaginable to relieve myself of the necessity of maintaining any,† (Rousseau 625). A few pages later, however, he divulges that he successfully convinced Thà ¨rà ©se to live with him in the intendant’s home. Despite the fact that he first claims that he has no use for any human interaction and that he has accepted his complete seclusion from the modern world, his later transport of his long-time lover belies the fact that he is still impeded by his desire to belong. At the end of Wordsworth’s poem, however, the author fully embr aces his isolation, stating: If in my youth I have been pure in heart/ If, mingling with the world, I am content/ with my own modest pleasures, and have lived/ with God and Nature/ from little enmities and low desires,/ The gift is yours! (Wordsworth ln 473-478)It is conveyed through this quotation that Wordsworth, though he has attempted to understand the reasoning behind social formalities as they have been traditionally defined by humanity, prefers the simple pleasures of Nature. Ultimately, after experiencing both worlds as they naturally occur, he is actually able to achieve and enjoy the isolation that Rousseau is only able to attempt. As compared to Rousseau’s lack of commitment to returning to a natural state, Wordsworth asserts that, as a result of his loyalty to both God and Nature in all aspects of his existence, he has been better disposed to fully employing his innate creativity. From the perspective of Wordsworth, then, humanity may benefit not from his persona lity as they do from Rousseau, but rather from an artistic productivity that occurs as a result of his isolation. Through an analysis of Rousseau and Wordsworth’s opposite approaches to attempting to achieve the natural state of man, it can be concluded that these different styles function to track the development of a character’s ability to appreciate the sublime. Although Rousseau is able to admire the phenomena of Nature, he is only able to do so at a surface level due to the inference of humanity. Wordsworth, however, is able to fully acknowledge both the physical and artistic value of the naturally sublime due to his successful isolation from modern influences of society. It seems, after exploring these works, that a complete understanding of the sublime may only be achieved in its entirety; any sort of devotion to humanity, such as that which is found in Confessions, disrupts a return to nature. These two works, when juxtaposed, can be considered a larger comment ary on Romanticism and its connection to the sublime in that, without a complete natural understanding like that which is found in The Two-Part Prelude, the sublime cannot be fully converted into artistic expression.

Americas Foreign Aid Contributions Essay - 893 Words

The integration of international communications and trades, the flourishing peril of global terrorism, the surge of HIV/AIDS, the growing poverty in developing countries, transnational crimes and nuclear weapons – all are hallmarks of a germinated 21st century outlook for alteration and adjustment. Given many menaces to national security in the post-Cold War and especially post-9/11 terrorism, Americans now understand that the security of their homeland greatly depends on civilization, freedom, and development beyond other nations. Since Congress passed the Marshall Plan in 1948 and the Foreign Assistance Act in 1961, the U.S. has been well-known worldwide for its commodious overseas contribution. Nevertheless, this renown is inevitably†¦show more content†¦We did not reach it, and have never reached over 0.2% until now. In spite of the fact that the number of dollars was the greatest, we have proportionally spent the least of all other industrialized nations. In Marc h 2002, President George W. Bush proposed an increase of 50% aid for the next three years. The Bush administration, however, did not make the U.S. generous in giving away its so-called â€Å"excessive wealth.† That 8-billion-dollar economic aid out of 15-billion-dollar total was, according to the Congressional Budget Office, less than a month of war with Iraq (Lancaster 10). All sub-Saharan Africa received only 1 million, about the cost of a B-2 bomber. Would we trade a B-2 bomber for a chance to double aid to sub-Saharan Africa? If everyone in the U.S. gave up one soft drink a month, we could double our current aid to Africa. If everyone gave up one movie ticket a year, we could double our current aid for Africa and Asia (Heath 78). For many years, the U.S. has cut back on its promised obligations and responsibilities to help the cause of development aid. Between 1990 and 1993, U.S. exports to developed countries grew by 6.2%. In contrast, during that same period, U.S. exports to developing countries grew by a remarkable 49.8%, yielding 46 billion dollars more and 920,000 jobs in the United States (Atwood). Assistance cuts hurt America’sShow MoreRelatedThe European Recovery Program Of The United States Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesLeft as one of the only remaining major powers, not significantly devastated by World War II, the United States of America lit the beacon of humanitarian aid. At its own discretion, after the Soviet Union’s refusal of America’s extent of influence and relief in the European continent, the U.S. was free to do as it pleased regarding attempts of foreign assistance. 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Bp Oil Spillage British Petroleum Company - 1690 Words

The BP Oil Spillage British Petroleum Company (BP) is among the major international gas and oil companies in the world. It provides clients with energy for light and heat, fuel for transportation, lubricants, and other petrochemical products that are used in manufacturing various items. The company’s primary goal is to deliver value to its customers by utilizing its distinctive capabilities, managing the quality of its portfolio, and setting clear goals. However, an unprecedented explosion of BP Deepwater Horizon oil well occurred in April 2010, causing the largest oil spill disaster in the history of the United States. Besides being the worst oil spill disaster, it also affected the company’s profits and reputation (Wolf Mejri, 2013). BP utilized a wide range of tools and tactics to communicate during and after the incident with its key stakeholders. Despite the use of the tactics and tools, crisis management and communication experts significantly differed on the co rrectness of the way in which the company conveyed information about the crisis. Incident/ Case Overview and Relevant Background Information The petroleum industry experienced a major maritime disaster that was referred to as the Deep Water Horizon oil spill. The tragedy was a result of an explosion that resulted into the death of eleven individuals (Wolf Mejri, 2013). Five months after the disaster and announcement of successful completion of the closing up of the oil well, approximately 780 millionShow MoreRelatedBP’s Sustainability Struggle Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction BP (British Petroleum) is a global corporation that discovers, extracts, transports and refines oil and gas in order to provide energy to the world. 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Life Expectancy Australia

Question: Discuss about theLife Expectancy Australia. Answer: Introduction The thesis statement of the essay is that the initiative taken by the government to close the life expectancy gap between the indigenous and non-indigenous Australia is not in a proper direction and the main reason for this is poor condition of the indigenous people. The mortality rate of children in indigenous Australia as compared to that of the non-indigenous Australia was almost double between the years 2010-2014. As compared to 0.37% mortality rate in Non-indigenous Australia, The mortality rate among children was 0.62% in indigenous Australia. The Australia government has taken an initiative to close the gap between the life expectancy rate between indigenous and non-indigenous Australia by the year 2031 along with other targets, in 2008 through the National Indigenous Reform Agreement. The economic policies adopted by the government are not potent enough to close the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australia (Alford and Muir 2004). The essay discusses the reasons why the government is not able to achieve its target with respect to closing the gap between the life expectancy between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. The reasons such as poverty, unemployment and the lack of proper health infrastructure in indigenous Australia along with recommendations to address them are discussed in the essay. There are many reasons due to which the Australian government is not able to achieve its planned targets towards closing this gap. According to a report from Australian institute of health care and management there is a positive development in the statistics of the life expectancy of indigenous Australia but it is still below that of the non-indigenous Australian citizens. According to the prime minister, the target of closing the gap between life expectancy of urban and rural Australia is not on track (Donato and Segal 2013). Males of urban Australia have a life expectancy of 10 years more compared to the males of rural Australia. There have been substantial improvements on this issue but they are not enough to achieve its goal by the year 2031 (Guthrie and Walter, 2013). Economic problems of indigenous Australia directly result in the health of the rural citizens. Unemployment is one of the major problems, which is creating economical issues for the people of indigenous Australia (Altman 2007). The employment rate in non-indigenous Australia is only 9% as compared to 23 % in indigenous Australia, the gap is even wider in reality. The comparison between skilled and unskilled employment of citizens between indigenous and non-indigenous Australia is also wide. Indigenous Australia has a skilled employment percentage of 9% as compared to 26% of non-indigenous Australia. This ratio automatically results in a lowers income for the indigenous people as compared to that of the non-indigenous citizens (Richardson and Denniss 2014). This situation of low-income causes a below standard lifestyle which results in heath issues and eventually a lower life expectancy rate for the indigenous people. The lack of modern infrastructure is also one of the major problems causing the low rate of life expectancy in the indigenous people. The rate of introduction of modern technology in the field of medical science is also vey less in indigenous Australia as compared to that of the urban regions. The lack of proper treatment of disease like cancer due to the absence of technology is one of the major causes of a low life expectancy rate in indigenous Australia (Baade et al. 2015). Income inequalities between the people of indigenous and non-indigenous Australia, which is the root of lower life expectancy, results out of the powerlessness of the indigenous people. Little or no political power vested in the indigenous people give rise to social as well as economical inequalities. The indigenous people are not able to address their economic problems and rectify them due to powerlessness (Biddle 2011). The area of cardiovascular disease is also causing problems to the government in closing the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous disease. Cardiovascular diseases are causing more death in the indigenous people as compared to the non-indigenous citizens. This is eventually resulting in a lower life expectancy rate for the indigenous people. The government is using a slow and study approach on solving this issue as this is a huge task. As a result, there are only small changes in the statistics of the life expectancy of the indigenous people. The rate at which this program is progressing it would not be able to achieve its target within the year 2031. The reduction in the number of patients affected with chronic disease has decreased but there is still no significant development in the field of life threatening diseases like cancer within the indigenous community. The government is introducing more investment in the health management structure of indigenous Australia as a strategy to close the gap between the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. This investment is being done to develop the health management structure of indigenous Australia so that it is able to address the needs of the people. This policy has to be implemented by the government in a very systematic and planned way or else it will not provide the expected results. The investment should also be made to improve the dietary intake of the indigenous people in Australia. Diet plays a very important role in relation to the health of an individual and eventually affects the life expectancy rate. The diet of the indigenous people compared to that of the non-indigenous people is poor and is one of the major causes of diseases. As a student, I would like to recommend a planned dietary development program for the people of indigenous Australia, which would help in the betterment of their health. Reducing unemployment by investing in the indigenous market of Australia is also one of the strategies of the government to increase the average income of the indigenous people. If the income of the indigenous people increases that, they will have a better standard of living and eventually have a healthy lifestyle (Kawachi and Subramanian 2014). The investments by the Australian government are not proving to be enough to meet their target. The unemployment rate of the people is decreasing gradually but it is not causing a substantial growth in their income. Thus, the target of losing the gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australia with respect to life expectancy by 2031 is not running on track (Jamieson et al. 2012). As a student, I recommend that the government should adopt a hybrid economy model to address the economic issues of the indigenous regions taking into account the state, customary and market. I also recommend investments in the sector of education and skill devel opment, which would lay a foundation to solve the economic inequalities between the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. As a result, they will be able to achieve a better standard of living and eventually a higher life expectancy rate. The corporation of all the states and the commonwealth along with organizations can only achieve this target. The government needs to address this issue with primary importance in order to solve the problem; a secondary approach will not help in the achievement of the target. In order to achieve the target set by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in the stipulated period, solving the problem of income inequalities is the most important concern. This can be achieved by primarily addressing the social evils like unemployment and lack of proper education. The market strategies also need to be changed in order to ensure a steady market in indigenous Australia (Kowal 2015). References: Alford, K. and Muir, J., 2004. Dealing with unfinished Indigenous business: the need for historical reflection.Australian Journal of Public Administration,63(4), pp.101-107. Altman, J.C., 2007.Alleviating poverty in remote Indigenous Australia: The role of the hybrid economy. Australian National University, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Baade, P.D., Youlden, D.R., Andersson, T.M., Youl, P.H., Kimlin, M.G., Aitken, J.F. and Biggar, R.J., 2015. Estimating the change in life expectancy after a diagnosis of cancer among the Australian population.BMJ open,5(4), p.e006740. Biddle, N., 2011. Definitions of wellbeing and their applicability to Indigenous policy in Australia. Donato, R. and Segal, L., 2013. Does Australia have the appropriate health reform agenda to close the gap in Indigenous health?.Australian Health Review,37(2), pp.232-238. Guthrie, J. and Walter, M., 2013. The Positioning of Indigenous Australians as Health Care Recipients.When Culture Impacts Health: Global Lessons for Effective Health Research, p.239. Jamieson, L.M., Paradies, Y.C., Eades, S., Chong, A., Maple-Brown, L., Morris, P., Bailie, R., Cass, A., Roberts-Thomson, K. and Brown, A., 2012. Ten principles relevant to health research among Indigenous Australian populations.Medical Journal of Australia,197(1), p.16. Kawachi, I. and Subramanian, S.V., 2014. Income inequality.Social epidemiology, pp.126-152. Kowal, E., 2015.Trapped in the gap: Doing good in indigenous Australia. Berghahn Books. Richardson, D. and Denniss, R., 2014. Income and wealth inequality in Australia.

Save Paper free essay sample

paper is most important thing for read and write it will also for good or waste thing like we use it for study that is a good thing and use to eat some thing that is bad thing . Paper is too valuable to waste Around the world we use 1 million tonnes of paper every day. Too much of this paper usage is wasteful and unnecessary and puts huge pressures on the environment. Take action now for the environment save forests, save paper, save money Paper usage in many parts of the word is on the rise. Expanding production and pulp wood harvesting threatens some of the last remaining natural forests and the people and wildlife that depend on them. The world? s paper hunger also significantly contributes to climate change. Think before you print, duplex, reuse and recycle (download full tips 75KB) Easy actions can make a big difference for the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Save Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use WWFs tips on paper efficiency to help save the earth, reduce your carbon footprint and save money at the same time. Follow the golden rule: think before you print Pushing the print button is too easy and wasteful. So the next time you are about to press that button, ask yourself the golden rule of saving paper: Do I really need to print this? Find out more Use both sides of the sheet of paper This is a real easy way of reducing your paper consumption by 50%. Set your printer or copier’s defaults to double sided. Select one-sided printing only when really needed. Find out more Avoid printing out single line e-mails or unnecessary copies of documents Again just follow the golden rule and ask yourself whether you really need to the print. Use technology Electronic mail, Internet, Intranets and document scanners can radically reduce paper use, while also saving you time and money. Find out more Recycle the paper you have and ask for recycled paper products Collect the paper you use and then reuse where possible (print again on the other side if you printed on one side only or use it for note paper). And when you do have to buy new paper make sure it is recycled. Save paper in your workplace Reductions of 20% or more are possible in most offices. So ask your office manager what they are doing to reduce paper. Remind them that saving paper isn’t just about protecting the environment; it can also save them a lot of money! WWF has a guide for how businesses can reduce their paper consumption to make it even easier.

Harvard Referencing 4 Facts You Should Know

Harvard Referencing 4 Facts You Should Know Harvard Referencing: 4 Facts You Should Know Harvard referencing is a citation style used in higher education around the world, providing a quick way of referencing sources in academic writing. Its widespread use means that knowing how this system works is wise for any student. To help, then, we’ve prepared this quick guide explaining a few key facts you should know. 1. There is No Such Thing as â€Å"Harvard Referencing† Most people assume that Harvard referencing is associated with Harvard University, but there is no official connection. There is, in fact, technically no such thing as the Harvard referencing â€Å"system† at all. The school exists, though. You didnt imagine that. Rather, â€Å"Harvard referencing† is a generic term for parenthetical referencing. Therefore, â€Å"Harvard referencing† can mean a number of variations of the same basic rule set. As a result, the exact way to reference sources will depend on the version used. We could end each of the other points in this post by reminding you to check whether your school uses the same conventions, but we’ll just do it here once in big letters to save time: CHECK YOUR STYLE GUIDE! Got it? Cool. 2. Author–Date Citations All variations of Harvard referencing use an author–date format. This means giving the author’s surname and a year of publication for sources in parentheses, as well as relevant page numbers when quoting directly: Early humans â€Å"didn’t fly by helicopter† (Diamond, 1997, p. 49). If the author is named in the main text, there’s no need to duplicate it in the citation: According to Diamond (1997), Australia is unique in the history of human development. Each source cited in the text should also be added to a reference list at the end of your document. 3. When to Cite The key to good referencing is knowing when it’s necessary to cite a source. The main situations are when: Using a direct quotation Paraphrasing another author’s ideas or arguments Using a diagram or illustration from another source Using previously published data or results Summarizing a thinker’s beliefs or thoughts The key thing to keep in mind is that it’s the quality of citations that counts, not the quantity. You shouldn’t, therefore, worry about not having â€Å"enough† citations in your work, as long as you’ve clearly and consistently cited sources when required. 4. The Reference List Harvard referencing requires all cited sources to be included in a reference list with full publication information. The details to include for each source depend on its format, but the list itself should follow a few key conventions: List all cited sources (additional reading can be included separately) Sources should be ordered alphabetically by author surname Multiple works by the same author should be listed earliest first by publication date When a source has multiple authors, give all listed names (no matter how many) We hope this has clarified a few things, and don’t forget to check out the other Harvard referencing posts on our blog.